Journal of Food Science,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
90(1)
Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2025
Abstract
We
evaluated
the
antimicrobial
performance
of
sodium
hypochlorite
(NaOCl)
and
peracetic
acid
(PAA)
during
washing
baby
spinach
in
water
varying
levels
organic
load,
as
measured
by
its
chemical
oxygen
demand
(COD).
Escherichia
coli
TVS353
was
spot
inoculated
onto
one
unwashed
leaf.
Sanitizers
were
added
into
with
preadjusted
COD
(300
or
2500
ppm)
to
achieve
concentrations
from
20
80
ppm.
One
leaf
washed
nine
uninoculated
leaves
500
mL
(
n
=
6).
Bacterial
load
on
lowered
sanitizers
a
dose‐dependent
manner
p
<
0.05)
lowest
bacterial
survivor
observed
at
ppm
2.7
±
1.2
5.1
0.5
Log
MPN/leaf
for
PAA
NaOCl,
respectively,
low
CODs.
more
effective
reducing
than
NaOCl
high
CODs
0.05),
2.9
2.8
5.3
0.8
survivors
respectively.
At
sanitizer
levels,
bacteria
not
detected
wash
any
condition
but
40
The
transferred
sanitizer,
0.3
0.2
0.1
1.1
1.0
CODs,
log
percentage
ranged
−1.1
0
over
−4.5
ppm,
highlighting
reduction
cross‐contamination
sanitizers.
Practical
Application
This
study
provides
data
usage
fresh
produce
industry
ensuring
food
safety
produce.
It
effect
broad
range
scenarios
including
various
concentrations,
that
is
common
when
recirculating
water.
results
also
revealed
differences
two
(PAA
NaOCl)
terms
their
effectiveness.
Journal of Food Safety,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
45(3)
Опубликована: Апрель 30, 2025
ABSTRACT
Addition
of
antimicrobials
to
water
used
for
irrigation
fresh
produce
is
recommended
reduce
microbial
food
safety
risks.
However,
there
remains
a
need
validate
the
efficacy
in
using
strains
and
methods
by
Environmental
Protection
Agency
(EPA).
We
evaluated
antimicrobial
performance
calcium
hypochlorite
(Ca(ClO)
2
)
(2–4
10–12
ppm)
peroxyacetic
acid
(PAA)
(6
10
individually
ground
surface
agricultural
production
Maryland
EPA
method
(No.
94151PA7).
Both
samples
were
slightly
alkaline
(pH
8.13
8.01,
respectively)
low
turbidity
(0.65
4.82
NTU,
respectively).
A
total
1
mL
EPA‐recommended
Escherichia
coli
or
Salmonella
enterica
cocktail
(approximately
9.0–9.7
log
CFU/mL)
was
inoculated
98
three
flasks
equilibrated
at
12°C
32°C,
resulting
7.0–7.7
CFU/mL
bacterial
levels.
One
milliliter
sanitizer
solution
PAA)
added
into
flask
followed
mixing
15
s.
At
5
min,
transferred
phosphate
buffer
saline
containing
0.28
g/mL
sodium
metabisulfite,
serially
diluted,
plated
on
quadruplicated
TSA‐Rifampicin
plates
enumeration.
high
levels
Ca(ClO)
PAA
solutions
inactivated
over
4.5
E.
cocktails
within
min
either
temperature,
which
exceeded
3‐log
threshold
required
EPA.
Total
inactivation
CFU/mL.
The
results
demonstrated
that,
water,
adequate
sanitizing
achieved
with
2–4
ppm
6
PAA.
Abstract
Biocidal
(microbicidal)
products
play
a
critical
role
in
controlling
microorganisms
healthcare,
industrial,
community,
and
home
environments.
There
is,
however,
concern
that
their
use
misuse
might
contribute
to
the
evolution
of
antimicrobial
resistance
(AMR).
When
evaluating
risk
associated
with
biocides,
it
is
important
adopt
an
objective
approach
towards
evidence
regarding
both
benefits
appropriate
deployment
as
well
potential
contribution
AMR.
Biocide
should
be
restricted
applications
where
there
are
tangible
but
also
not
unnecessarily
genuine
can
demonstrated.
From
perspective
sustainability,
such
include
control
prevention
infections
clinical
settings
reductions
antibiotic
use,
preservation
range
materials,
substantial
reduction
infection
for
consumers,
hygiene
community
(e.g.
public
swimming
baths),
microbial
many
facets
industry.
Here,
we
will
provide
assessment
biocides
sustainability
based
on
evaluation
literature,
followed
by
offering
our
views
future
management
biocide
across
globe.
