ACS ES&T Water,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
5(1), С. 188 - 196
Опубликована: Дек. 9, 2024
Recently
finalized
United
States
Environmental
Protection
Agency
(EPA)
regulations
on
per-
and
poly
fluoroalkyl
substances
(PFAS)
are
expected
to
require
water
utilities
install
more
advanced
treatment
technologies
achieve
compliance.
With
the
costs
of
these
likely
falling
upon
already
financially
vulnerable
utilities,
providers
may
be
forced
raise
rates
–
rendering
services
unaffordable
for
consumers
In
this
work,
we
use
EPA-based
PFAS
compliance
cost
estimates
model
system
size-specific
distributions
pre-
post-compliance
364
in
state
Ohio
assess
their
ability
provide
affordable
drinking
given
new
regulations.
Utilizing
EPA
definitions,
find
that
National
Primary
Drinking
Water
Regulation
creates
median
income
less
than
0.5%
systems.
However,
applying
alternative
metrics
from
literature,
low-income
households
customers
served
by
very
small
systems
(due
poor
economies
scale)
emerge
as
disproportionately
have
water.
On
average,
annual
bills
post-PFAS
were
nearly
$200
greater
relative
large
These
results
support
concerns
current
methods
underestimate
affordability
while
raising
questions
about
definition
a
regulatory
context.
A
significant
yet
largely
untapped
reservoir
of
polluted
water
arises
from
groundwater,
where
the
diffusion
PFAS
has
been
shown
to
be
alarmingly
on
rise,
driven
by
prolonged
accumulation
and
restricted
avenues
for
degradation.
Direct
contact
membrane
distillation
(DCMD)
was
used
concentrate
remove
perfluorooctanoic
acid
compounds
contaminated
groundwater
first
time
using
commercially
available
poly(tetrafluoroethylene)
(PTFE)
poly(vinylidene
fluoride)
(PVDF)
membranes.
The
temporal
fouling
propensity
over
DCMD
test
assessed
analysing
morphological
chemical
structural
changes
pristine
Over
120
h
10
mg/L
PFOA-contaminated
model
as
feed,
PVDF
exhibited
a
lower
extent
flux
decline
15%
compared
that
43%
obtained
PTFE
feed
temperature
60
oC.
This
study
provides
practical
route
pre-concentrate
amphiphilic
contaminants
groundwater.
ACS ES&T Water,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
5(1), С. 188 - 196
Опубликована: Дек. 9, 2024
Recently
finalized
United
States
Environmental
Protection
Agency
(EPA)
regulations
on
per-
and
poly
fluoroalkyl
substances
(PFAS)
are
expected
to
require
water
utilities
install
more
advanced
treatment
technologies
achieve
compliance.
With
the
costs
of
these
likely
falling
upon
already
financially
vulnerable
utilities,
providers
may
be
forced
raise
rates
–
rendering
services
unaffordable
for
consumers
In
this
work,
we
use
EPA-based
PFAS
compliance
cost
estimates
model
system
size-specific
distributions
pre-
post-compliance
364
in
state
Ohio
assess
their
ability
provide
affordable
drinking
given
new
regulations.
Utilizing
EPA
definitions,
find
that
National
Primary
Drinking
Water
Regulation
creates
median
income
less
than
0.5%
systems.
However,
applying
alternative
metrics
from
literature,
low-income
households
customers
served
by
very
small
systems
(due
poor
economies
scale)
emerge
as
disproportionately
have
water.
On
average,
annual
bills
post-PFAS
were
nearly
$200
greater
relative
large
These
results
support
concerns
current
methods
underestimate
affordability
while
raising
questions
about
definition
a
regulatory
context.
