This
paper
assesses
the
French
policy
of
mitigation
hierarchy,
with
aim
no
net
loss
biodiversity,
by
studying
geographical
aspects
application
concept
ecological
offsets
in
equivalence
between
losses
and
gains
using
spatialized
data.
Our
main
finding
reveals
that
majority
are
generated
projects
related
to
transport
infrastructures
(38%)
urban
planning
construction
(23%).
However,
if
there
fewer,
such
as
waste
storage
or
energy
development
mostly
located
natural
preserved
areas,
revealing
a
potential
risk
non
additionnality
offset
measures
private
sector
(through
offsets)
will
gradually
replace
state
protection
biodiversity.
analysis
also
points
out
despite
diversity
projects,
habitats
protected
species
across
France,
is
typical
spatial
layout
profile
offsets,
pleading
for
“one
size
fit
all”
offsetting
context
low
regulators
time,
competence
level
due
weakness
refresh
training
downsizing
public
services
environment.
last
result
argues
stronger
control
from
environmental
agencies
two
tremendously
tricky
concepts
offsetting,
valuation
methods
adjustments
coefficients
(time
delay
risk),
drive
future
decisions
at
local
but
above
all
regional-
national-
documents.
Land Use Policy,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
131, С. 106694 - 106694
Опубликована: Апрель 21, 2023
In
recent
years,
transfer
of
development
rights
(TDR)
programs
have
become
widespread
as
a
mechanism
for
implementing
urban
transformations
and
achieving
planning
goals.
As
market-based
instruments,
they
facilitate
land
acquisition
whilst
avoiding
compulsory
purchases
minimizing
public
spending.
By
promoting
transformation,
TDR
affect
the
provision
ecosystem
services
(ES)
delivered
by
green
permeable
areas.
ES
are
essential
wellbeing,
inclusion
in
decisions
promotes
sustainable
development.
This
research
aims
to
provide
starting
point
mainstreaming
knowledge
studies
application.
Through
literature
review,
this
paper
gain
greater
understanding
what
ways,
extent,
been
considered
so
far
identify
if
there
is
evidence
that
demonstrates
how
can
be
included
design
phases
improve
their
effectiveness
ensuring
spatial
transformations.
The
results
show
strengthen
ex-ante
phase
processes,
supporting
features
paying
attention
receiving
areas
identified
during
process.
Sustainability,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
15(6), С. 5097 - 5097
Опубликована: Март 13, 2023
Acquiring
access
to
land
is
an
important
issue
for
new
entrants
into
farming.
Traditionally,
the
succession
of
farms
within
family;
market
transactions
are
geared
towards
enlargement
running
farms.
Policies
and
institutions
have
been
built
facilitate
this
process.
Current
challenges
climate
change,
resource
scarcity,
biodiversity
equity,
as
analysed
by
Intergovernmental
Panel
on
Climate
Change
(IPCC),
International
Resource
(IRP),
Science-Policy
Platform
Biodiversity
Ecosystem
Services
(IPBES)
Sustainable
Development
Goals
(SDGs)
reporting
activities,
make
it
so
that
there
a
need
find
alternatives
current
developments
in
farming,
which
process
up
(scale
enlargement)
or
out
(stop
farming).
For
these
alternatives,
types
farmers
who
face
needed.
Based
FADN
data
EUROSTAT
data,
European
farming
sector
were
understand
impact
modernisation
farmland
markets
complexities
entrants.
Whether
may
point
opportunities
alternative
methods
role
direct
payments
Union’s
Common
Agricultural
Policy
analysed.
consequences
discussed.
It
concluded
that,
whereas
models
promoted
at
level
policy
aims,
not
performed
guidance
markets.
Alternatives
outside
traditional
scaling
create
impact.
The
is,
many
ways,
more
obstacle
than
promoter
providing
farmers.
New
policies
Environmental Policy and Governance,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Март 28, 2024
Abstract
Biodiversity
offsetting
is
considered
to
be
an
innovative
policy
instrument
balance
land
use
changes
with
conservation
priorities.
Although
advocates
have
pushed
establish
biodiversity
offset
markets
for
over
20
years
and
critics
contested
the
social
ecological
implications
of
such
innovations,
in
practice,
schemes
been
difficult
set
up,
replicate,
sustain
time.
Observing
underperformance
offsetting,
we
argue
that
a
critical
analysis
urgently
needed.
We
identify
need
analyze
relation
other
features
governance
rather
than
focus
on
merits
flaws
as
standalone
instrument.
Using
set‐theoretic
model,
consider
how
different
institutional
arrangements
determine
if
when
produces
positive
environmental
outcomes.
find
adds
only
three
thorny
challenges
are
met—muscular
enforcement
regulations,
rigorous
impact
management
aligned
mitigation
hierarchy,
existence
evidence‐based
cost‐effective
platforms
offsetting.
Short
these
conditions,
outcomes
either
uncertain
or
outright
harmful
biodiversity.
Reflecting
more
broadly
prospects
institutionalizing
mechanisms
protecting
biodiversity,
conclude
recenter
attention
toward
supportive
role
state
facilitating
effective
innovations.
Forest Policy and Economics,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
163, С. 103219 - 103219
Опубликована: Апрель 8, 2024
The
settlement
area
is
expanding
at
the
cost
of
agricultural
land
in
densely
populated
regions
such
as
Central
Europe.
This
development
also
affecting
forest.
Forest
clearances
due
to,
e.g.
traffic
and
energy
infrastructure
development,
require
afforestation
elsewhere
but
surfaces
providing
appropriate
soil
are
increasingly
scarce.
Switzerland
an
important
case
point.
It
populated,
exhibits
a
large
amount
forest
–
lowlands
although
it
features
strong
protection
law,
recently
allowed
compensating
with
non-forest
related
offsets.
Based
on
results
Q-methodology
survey
conducted
during
stakeholder
workshop,
we
show
that
pressure
for
more
flexible
specific
rules
largely
stems
from
"outside"
sector,
i.e.
agriculture
sector.
Only
small
group
actors
aims
reinstalling
restrictive
regime,
whereas
largest
embraces
status
quo.
rejects
expansion
adheres
to
strengthening
top
mitigation
hierarchy,
prioritizing
habitat
loss
caused
by
development.
interpretation
biodiversity
offsetting
aligns
conviction
needs
respect
limits
growth.
Prioritizing
hierarchy
requires
planning
rather
than
market
coordination
approach.
We
context
rigid
rules,
following
multipurpose
regime
high
land-use
competition,
preferences
impede
integration
banking
approaches
into
compensatory
Regulation & Governance,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Окт. 8, 2024
ABSTRACT
In
recent
years,
many
countries
have
adopted
biodiversity
offset
policies
to
internalize
the
ecological
impacts
of
land
developments.
Although
national
share
general
principle
equalizing
harm
with
gain,
there
is
substantial
variation
across
programs
regarding
institutional
forms
governing
offsetting.
this
paper,
we
compare
governance
in
United
States
and
France
reflect
more
broadly
on
factors
shaping
divergent
trajectories
green
developmental
policies.
Both
some
form
offsetting
place,
but
major
fault
line
difference
extensive
use
market‐based
instruments
(MBI)
States.
Using
a
historical
lens,
argue
that
one
important
reason
for
lies
different
legal‐institutional
definitions
biodiversity.
A
narrower
definition
focused
individual
species,
versus
broader
ecosystems,
has
facilitated
standardized
arrangement
Leveraging
standardization,
markets
expanded
while
similar
efforts
institutionalize
market
mechanisms
struggled
France.
The
comparison
allows
us
draw
insights
into
challenges
greening
economic
development,
particularly
showing
how
scientific,
legal,
structures
condition
policy
outcomes.
