IntechOpen eBooks, Год журнала: 2024, Номер unknown
Опубликована: Дек. 16, 2024
Heavy metals are naturally occurring elements with high atomic weight and density, they toxic to aquatic species even at low concentrations. They enter ecosystems through natural processes like rock weathering volcanic eruptions, as well human activities such industrial the use of fertilizers. Due their non-biodegradable nature, heavy accumulate in environment, affecting reactivity, bioavailability, toxicity. These can cause oxidative stress, enzyme inhibition, DNA damage organisms, leading bioaccumulation, histopathological changes, reproductive toxicity, behavioral alterations. This chapter explores metals’ sources, pathways, toxicological effects ecosystems, aiming understand ecological health impacts.
Язык: Английский