A Brief History of Simulation Neuroscience

Frontiers in Neuroinformatics, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 13

Опубликована: Май 7, 2019

Our knowledge of the brain has evolved over millennia in philosophical, experimental and theoretical phases. We suggest that next phase is simulation neuroscience. The main drivers neuroscience are big data generated at multiple levels organization need to integrate these trace causal chain interactions within across all levels. Simulation currently only methodology for systematically approaching multiscale brain. In this review, we attempt reconstruct deep historical paths leading neuroscience, from first observations nerve cell modern efforts digitally simulate Neuroscience began with identification neuron as fundamental unit structure function towards understanding role each type brain, how cells connected other, seemingly infinite networks they form give rise vast diversity functions. Neuronal mapping evolving subjective descriptions types objective classes, subclasses types. Connectivity loose topographic maps between regions dense anatomical physiological connections individual genetically distinct neurons. Functional psychological behavioral stereotypes a map behaviors emerging structural functional connectomes. show industrialization resulting large disconnected datasets generating demand integrative scale neuronal connectivity driving digital atlasing reconstruction piece together organization, complexity molecules, neurons, microcircuits understand

Язык: Английский

---

Functional imaging evidence for task-induced deactivation and disconnection of a major default mode network hub in the mouse brain

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 117(26), С. 15270 - 15280

Опубликована: Июнь 15, 2020

Significance Our report first validates an imaging technique, functional ultrasound, experimental approach providing significantly higher sensitivity and spatiotemporal resolution than fMRI, for the study of sensory stimulation-induced changes in activation connectivity patterns awake mouse brain. Next, by using this lightly sedated conscious mice, we provide evidence supporting evolutionary preserved function default mode network, a set highly connected brain areas, which is characteristically impaired major neuropsychiatric diseases humans. Uncovering existence network main preclinical model organism diseases, opens new avenues high translational relevance research drug development.

Язык: Английский

---

Awake Rat Brain Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Using Standard Radio Frequency Coils and a 3D Printed Restraint Kit

Frontiers in Neuroscience, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 12

Опубликована: Авг. 20, 2018

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a powerful noninvasive tool for studying spontaneous resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) in laboratory animals. Brain function can be significantly affected by generally used anesthetics, however, rendering the need awake imaging. Only few different animal habituation protocols have been presented, and there critical practical improved low-stress techniques. Here we demonstrate novel restraint approach rat RSFC studies. Our custom-made 3D printed kit compatible with standard Bruker Biospin MRI bed, brain receiver coil, volume transmitter coil. We also implemented progressive protocol aiming to minimize stress experienced rats, compared between awake, lightly sedated, isoflurane-anesthetized rats. results demonstrated that was suitable studies of During short 4-day period, plasma corticosterone concentration, movement, heart rate, which were measured as indicators, decreased significantly, indicating adaptation protocol. Additionally, 10 days after session, rats exhibited no signs depression or anxiety based on open-field sucrose preference behavioral tests. The data revealed significant changes thalamo-cortical cortico-cortical networks anesthetized groups, emphasizing present work demonstrates feasibility our kit. Using this kit, found isoflurane markedly effect less pronounced, but still significant, when light sedation instead.

Язык: Английский

---

Nitric oxide is fundamental to neurovascular coupling in humans

The Journal of Physiology, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 598(21), С. 4927 - 4939

Опубликована: Авг. 12, 2020

Preclinical models have demonstrated that nitric oxide is a key component of neurovascular coupling; this has yet to be translated humans. We conducted two separate protocols utilizing intravenous infusion synthase inhibitor and isovolumic haemodilution assess the influence on coupling in Isovolumic did not alter coupling. Intravenous reduced response by ∼30%, indicating integral humans.Nitric vital signalling molecule preclinical models, mechanisms underlying (NVC) humans elucidated. To investigate contribution NVC humans, we utilized visual stimulus paradigm elicit an posterior cerebral circulation. Two distinct mechanistic interventions were young healthy males: (1) was assessed during saline (placebo) non-selective competitive NG -monomethyl-l-arginine (l-NMMA, 5 mg kg-1 bolus & subsequent 50 μg min-1 maintenance dose; n = 10). The order randomized, counterbalanced single blinded. A subset participants study (n 4) underwent intervention with phenylephrine independently consider blood pressure changes (0.1-0.6 constant infusion). (2) prior following haemodilution, whereby 20% whole removed replaced 5% human serum albumin reduce haemoglobin concentration 8). For both protocols, arterial internal jugular venous samples collected at rest coupled volumetric measures flow (duplex ultrasound) quantify resting metabolic parameters. l-NMMA elicited 30% reduction peak (P 0.01), but average 0.11), response. Neither nor influenced NVC. Nitric providing new direction for research into pharmacological treatment dementia.

Язык: Английский

---

Key Aspects of Neurovascular Control Mediated by Specific Populations of Inhibitory Cortical Interneurons

Cerebral Cortex, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 30(4), С. 2452 - 2464

Опубликована: Окт. 8, 2019

Abstract Inhibitory interneurons can evoke vasodilation and vasoconstriction, making them potential cellular drivers of neurovascular coupling. However, the specific regulatory roles played by particular interneuron subpopulations remain unclear. Our purpose was therefore to adopt a cell-specific optogenetic approach investigate how somatostatin (SST) neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-expressing might influence relationship. In mice, activation SST- or nNOS-interneurons sufficient hemodynamic changes. case nNOS-interneurons, robust changes occurred with minimal in neural activity, suggesting that ability blood oxygen level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD fMRI) reliably reflect activity may be on type neuron recruited. Conversely, SST-interneurons produced evoked shallow cortical excitation pronounced deep layer inhibition. Prolonged often resulted an increase volume centrally activated area accompanying decrease surrounding brain regions, analogous negative BOLD signal. These results demonstrate role populations active control function.

Язык: Английский

---