Beta: bursts of cognition

Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 28(7), С. 662 - 676

Опубликована: Апрель 23, 2024

Beta oscillations are linked to the control of goal-directed processing sensory information and timing motor output. Recent evidence demonstrates they not sustained but organized into intermittent high-power bursts mediating timely functional inhibition. This implies there is a considerable moment-to-moment variation in neural dynamics supporting cognition. thus offer new opportunities for studying how inputs selectively processed, reshaped by inhibitory cognitive operations ultimately result actions. method advances reveal diversity beta that provide deeper insights their function underlying circuit activity motifs. We propose brain-wide, spatiotemporal patterns bursting reflect various nonlinear aspects cortical processing.

Язык: Английский

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Reactive Oxygen Species: A Crosslink between Plant and Human Eukaryotic Cell Systems

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 24(17), С. 13052 - 13052

Опубликована: Авг. 22, 2023

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important regulating factors that play a dual role in plant and human cells. As the first messenger response organisms, ROS coordinate signals growth, development, metabolic activity pathways. They also can act as an alarm mechanism, triggering cellular responses to harmful stimuli. However, excess cause oxidative stress-related damage oxidize organic substances, leading malfunctions. This review summarizes current research status mechanisms of eukaryotic cells, highlighting differences similarities between two elucidating their interactions with other reactive substances ROS. Based on similar regulatory pathways kingdoms, this proposes future developments provide opportunities develop novel strategies for treating diseases or creating greater agricultural value.

Язык: Английский

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Gamma oscillations and episodic memory

Trends in Neurosciences, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 46(10), С. 832 - 846

Опубликована: Авг. 5, 2023

Gamma oscillations may coordinate pre- and postsynaptic neuronal firing to enhance plasticity within the hippocampus.Cross-regional gamma synchronisation communicate sensory information hippocampus during memory formation, hippocampal representations cortex retrieval.Gamma nested ongoing theta encode recall sequences of stimuli.Multiple, distinct exist canonical band (30–80 Hz), each with complementary roles in episodic memory. Enhanced oscillatory activity Hz) accompanies successful formation retrieval memories. While this co-occurrence is well documented, mechanistic contributions remain unclear. Here, we review how facilitate spike timing-dependent plasticity, neural communication, sequence encoding/retrieval, thereby ensuring and/or an Based on evidence reviewed, propose that multiple, forms oscillation can be found band, which has a role processes listed above. Further exploration these theories using causal manipulations key elucidating relevance When talk memories (see Glossary), mean long-term relating personally experienced events anchored specific moment time space [1.Tulving E. Episodic semantic memory.in: Tulving Donaldson W. Organization Memory. Academic Press, 1972: 381-403Google Scholar]. Although are, by definition, rich detail last for decades, patterns lasting mere seconds will dictate whether are formed or recalled [2.Staresina B.P. Wimber M. A chronometry recall.Trends Cogn. Sci. 2019; 23: 1071-1085Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (48) Google Scholar,3.Hanslmayr S. et al.Oscillations – addressing synchronization/desynchronization conundrum.Trends Neurosci. 2016; 39: 16-25Abstract (0) Many studies suggest (~30–80 Hz, although definitions vary slightly among researchers) have both Supporting comes from range species (including rodents [4.Zheng C. al.Spatial coding differs slow fast rhythms hippocampus.Neuron. 89: 398-408Abstract (104) Scholar, 5.Bieri K.W. al.Slow different spatial modes place cells.Neuron. 2014; 82: 670-681Abstract (139) 6.Shirvalkar P.R. al.Bidirectional changes theta-gamma comodulation predict recent episodes.Proc. Natl. Acad. U. A. 2010; 107: 7054-7059Crossref (166) 7.Headley D.B. Weinberger N.M. Gamma-band activation predicts associative cortical plasticity.J. 2011; 31: 12748-12758Crossref (51) Scholar], nonhuman primates [8.Csorba B.A. al.Long-range synchronization supports abrupt visual learning.Curr. Biol. 2022; 32: 2467-2479Abstract Scholar,9.Jutras M.J. al.Gamma-band macaque formation.J. 2009; 29: 12521-12531Crossref (143) humans [10.Griffiths B.J. al.Directional coupling neocortical alpha/beta human memory.Proc. U.S.A. 166: 21834-21842Crossref (61) 11.Heusser A.C. al.Episodic supported phase code.Nat. 19: 1374-1380Crossref (147) 12.Fell J. al.Human accompanied rhinal–hippocampal decoupling.Nat. 2001; 4: 1259-1264Crossref (579) Scholar]), variety empirical techniques (ranging cell cultures vitro [13.Sjöström P.J. al.Rate, timing, cooperativity jointly determine synaptic plasticity.Neuron. 1149-1164Abstract (833) Scholar,14.Markram H. al.Regulation efficacy coincidence APs EPSPs.Science. 1997; 275: 213-215Crossref (2911) Scholar] behavioural responses [15.Wang D. al.Altering stimulus timing via rhythmic stimulation induces STDP-like performance memory.bioRxiv. (Published online November 3, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.11.02.514843)Google Scholar]). In our view, extent provides firm support link between memory, calls focus understanding why exists. To address question, three mechanisms fundamental aspects memory: (i) plasticity; (ii) communication; (iii) aim Our ability form hinges upon potentiation (LTP), process through connections two neurons strengthened [16.Bliss T.V.P. Collingridge G.L. model hippocampus.Nature. 1993; 361: 31-39Crossref (9658) Scholar,17.Hebb The Organisation Behavior. John Wiley & Sons, 1949Google been proposed play important type LTP known as (STDP), depends precise temporal delay presynaptic neuron. there numerous examples enhancing STDP Scholar,18.Whittington M.A. al.Recurrent excitatory potentials induced synchronized oscillations.Proc. 94: 12198-12203Crossref (146) silico [19.Li K.T. al.Gamma effective learning excitatory-inhibitory balanced circuits.Neural Plast. 2021; 2021: 1-18Crossref (3) Scholar,20.Park K. al.Optogenetic parvalbumin somatostatin interneurons selectively restores theta-nested oscillation-induced impaired amyloid β oligomers.BMC 2020; 18: 7Crossref (36) vivo [21.Guerra al.Boosting LTP-like effect intermittent theta-burst transcranial alternating current stimulation.Brain Stimulation. 2018; 11: 734-742Abstract Scholar,22.Guerra al.Enhancing primary motor Parkinson's disease.J. 40: 4788-4796Crossref explanation open debate. discuss: occurs; process; interaction might result complex, thought depend upon: leading release glutamate, promotes opening NMDA receptors; backpropagation unblocking Mg2+ block same receptors Some suggested comparatively binding glutamate receptor relative rapid removal means action potential must precede ~10–20 ms occur (e.g., [23.Nyhus Curran T. Functional memory.Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 34: 1023-1035Crossref (343) Indeed, slices rat hippocampus, spikes lead ~15 strengthening, whereas follow ~6 weakening (known depression; LTD) [24.Bi G. Poo Synaptic modifications cultured neurons: dependence strength, type.J. 1998; 1-9Crossref effects reported across species, including (in 25.Wittenberg G.M. Wang S.S.-H. Malleability spike-timing-dependent at CA3-CA1 synapse.J. 2006; 26: 6610-6617Crossref (227) 26.Froemke R.C. al.Spike-timing-dependent dendritic location.Nature. 2005; 434: 221-225Crossref (306) [27.Morera-Herreras al.Environmental enrichment shapes striatal vivo.Sci. Rep. 9: 19451Crossref (6) [28.Huang al.Associative Hebbian primate cortex.J. 7575-7579Crossref [29.Seeman S.C. al.Paired sensorimotor 2017; 37: 1935-1949Crossref (29) [30.Testa-Silva Human synapses show wide window plasticity.Front. 2: 12PubMed correlated spiking, solitary unlikely induce spiking Instead, convergent input required. provide ways. First, synchronise multiple so they exert stronger depolarising target neuron than if were fire isolation computational models oscillation-driven synchrony increases likelihood [31.Salinas Sejnowski T.J. Impact output rate variability simple models.J. 2000; 20: 6193-6209Crossref Scholar,32.Murthy V.N. Fetz E.E. Effects three-conductance model.Neural Comput. 1994; 6: 1111-1126Crossref also [33.McNaughton B.L. al.Synaptic enhancement fascia dentata: coactive afferents.Brain Res. 1978; 157: 277-293Crossref (480) Moreover, synchronising inputs enhances any frequency could, theory, firing, perhaps ideal because short excitability ensures all near-perfect unison [34.Jensen O. gamma-frequency associated attention memory.Trends 2007; 30: 317-324Abstract (872) while having cycles long enough ensure return their resting before next part oscillation. former claim, demonstrated most when coupled 50-Hz rhythm (relative slower rhythms) it remains seen affected greater 50 Hz. addition facilitating synchronised aid depolarisation necessary inducing subthreshold fluctuations membrane potential. For example, work shown pairing peak 40-Hz led paired trough [35.Wespatat V. al.Phase sensitivity oscillating cells 2004; 24: 9067-9075Crossref (137) purportedly change adds additional drive This explain why, primates, occurs particular phases [9.Jutras Scholar,36.Roux F. latency co-firing formation.eLife. 11e78109Crossref Considering above, appears plausible increasing spiking. spike-timing optimal (~10–20 ms) [37.Traub R.D. al.Gamma-frequency oscillations: population phenomenon, regulated intrinsic cellular processes, plasticity.Prog. Neurobiol. 55: 563-575Crossref (145) However, little conducted level demonstrate observed links specifically due matching constraints STDP. delays brain regions, types, even individual (Box 1). Consequently, cannot match every network. possible average preferred network, meaning phenomena could reliable macroscopic behavioural) level. line idea, better able learn pairings stimuli rhythmically fluctuate intensity (at 37.5 when, initial pairing, cue preceded ~7 (matching traditional delays) presented simultaneously encoding finding, not matter pair undergo STDP, but rather sufficient pairs reliably formed.Box 1Variations curveThe textbook curve depicts pre-to-postsynaptic LTP, post-to-presynaptic LTD, strength diminishing increases. Depictions based receptor-dependent assumption curves generalise other cells, species. case (Figure I).For GABAergic fail display (and LTD [134.Tzounopoulos al.Cell-specific, plasticities dorsal cochlear nucleus.Nat. 7: 719-725Crossref (243) Scholar]) following suggesting type. spiny stellate barrel rodents, [135.Egger al.Coincidence detection cortex.Nat. 1999; 1098-1105Crossref (233) hinting regions types. tissue, regardless precedes follows spike, only being ~100 variation Even region, simply distance soma location where arrives dendrite: distances produce stereotypical curves, invert [136.Letzkus J.J. al.Learning rules synapse location.J. 10420-10429Crossref (221) Lastly, single difference arriving occurrence [137.Kampa B.M. al.Kinetics unblock receptors: implications dependent Physiol. 556: 337-345Crossref (142) short, take many forms, one should exercise caution generalising species.This conclusion pertinent discussion given no identical, neurons. variations regions/species align differences exhibit. I). explanations explored preceding text introduce issue order ambiguity. Specifically, repeatedly function phase, becomes unclear leads and, consequently, occur. instances, suggests do sum linearly Scholar,38.Wang H.-X. al.Coactivation integration depression.Nat. 8: 187-193Crossref Scholar,39.Froemke Dan Y. Spike-timing-dependent modification natural trains.Nature. 2002; 416: 433-438Crossref (635) possibly supplanting relevant irrelevant regularly quick succession. ambiguity does undermine idea There question gamma-facilitated scales up fully fledged Unfortunately, linking expressions experiment troublesome endeavour: easily small slice preparations, active individuals. That said, progress made. increase enhanced fear response auditory tone (i.e., learned response) A1 receptive fields (a proxy plasticity) [7.Headley Indirect humans. conditions met: ~20 (approximating required STDP); couple [36.Roux probable Together, complex highly detailed sum, intimately tied activity, These questions benefit interventions quantify Neural communication refers relaying brain, local assemblies large portions cortex. almost cognition, perception action, here its Effective that, incoming cortices activates binding. Similarly, retrieval, reactivated allow reinstatement episode. assess may, result, prominent theory tying exchange 'communication coherence' [40.Fries P. mechanism cognitive dynamics: coherence.Trends 474-480Abstract (2822) Scholar,41.Fries Rhythms cognition: coherence.Neuron. 2015; 88: 220-235Abstract (1321) Communication coherence proposes relayed another when:

Язык: Английский

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Distinct feedforward and feedback pathways for cell-type specific attention effects

Neuron, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 112(14), С. 2423 - 2434.e7

Опубликована: Май 16, 2024

Selective attention is thought to depend on enhanced firing activity in extrastriate areas. Theories suggest that this enhancement depends selective inter-areal communication via gamma (30-80 Hz) phase-locking. To test this, we simultaneously recorded from different cell types and cortical layers of macaque V1 V4. We find while V1-V4 phase-locking between local field potentials increases with attention, the rhythm does not engage V4 excitatory-neurons, but only fast-spiking interneurons L4 By contrast, enhances spike-rates both excitatory inhibitory cells, most strongly L2/3. The rate increase L2/3 precedes time. These findings signal transmission show endogenous has cell-type- layer-specific effects downstream target Similar were made mouse visual system, based opto-tagging identified interneurons.

Язык: Английский

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Dynamic Gamma Modulation of Hippocampal Place Cells Predominates Development of Theta Sequences

Опубликована: Фев. 17, 2025

The experience-dependent spatial cognitive process requires sequential organization of hippocampal neural activities by theta rhythm, which develops to represent highly compressed information for rapid learning. However, how the sequences were developed in a finer time scale within cycles remains unclear. In this study, we found that sweep-ahead structure developing with exploration was predominantly dependent on relatively large proportion FG-cells, i.e. subset place cells dominantly phase-locked fast gamma rhythms. These ensembles integrated consistently firing at precessing slow phases cycle. Accordingly, FG-cell positively correlated intensity phase precession, particular during early development sequences. findings highlight dynamic network-modulation and may further facilitate memory encoding retrieval.

Язык: Английский

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Feedback information transfer in the human brain reflects bistable perception in the absence of report

PLoS Biology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 21(5), С. e3002120 - e3002120

Опубликована: Май 8, 2023

In the search for neural basis of conscious experience, perception and cognitive processes associated with reporting are typically confounded as activity is recorded while participants explicitly report what they experience. Here, we present a novel way to disentangle from using eye movement analysis techniques based on convolutional networks neurodynamical analyses information theory. We use bistable visual stimulus that instantiates two well-known properties perception: integration differentiation. At any given moment, observers either perceive one integrated unitary object or differentiated objects clearly distinct each other. Using electroencephalography, show measures differentiation theory closely follow participants' perceptual experience those contents when switches were reported. observed increased between anterior posterior electrodes (front back) prior switch percept, higher signals leading up percept. Crucially, was linked even in no-report condition transitions inferred movements alone. contrast, link solely active condition. Our results, therefore, suggest require amounts anterior-posterior network communication While front-to-back directed changes content viewing stimuli, regardless report, frontal absent therefore not directly per se.

Язык: Английский

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Challenges and Approaches in the Study of Neural Entrainment

Journal of Neuroscience, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 44(40), С. e1234242024 - e1234242024

Опубликована: Окт. 2, 2024

When exposed to rhythmic stimulation, the human brain displays activity across sensory modalities and regions. Given ubiquity of this phenomenon, how rhythms are transformed into neural remains surprisingly inconclusive. An influential model posits that endogenous oscillations entrain external rhythms, thereby encoding environmental dynamics shaping perception. However, research on entrainment faces multiple challenges, from ambiguous definitions methodological difficulties when need be identified disentangled other stimulus-related mechanisms can lead similar phase-locked responses. Yet, recent years have seen novel approaches overcome these including computational modeling, insights dynamical systems theory, sophisticated stimulus designs, study neuropsychological impairments. This review outlines key challenges in research, delineates state-of-the-art approaches, integrates findings animal neurophysiology provide a broad perspective usefulness, validity, constraints oscillatory models brain-environment interaction.

Язык: Английский

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Coordinating brain-distributed network activities in memory resistant to extinction

Cell, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 187(2), С. 409 - 427.e19

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2024

Certain memories resist extinction to continue invigorating maladaptive actions. The robustness of these could depend on their widely distributed implementation across populations neurons in multiple brain regions. However, how dispersed neuronal activities are collectively organized underpin a persistent memory-guided behavior remains unknown. To investigate this, we simultaneously monitored the prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, hippocampus, and ventral tegmental area (VTA) mouse from initial recall post-extinction renewal memory involving cocaine experience. We uncover higher-order pattern short-lived beta-frequency (15–25 Hz) that transiently coordinated networks during retrieval. output divergent pathway upstream VTA glutamatergic neurons, paced by slower (4-Hz) oscillation, actuates this multi-network beta-band coactivation; its closed-loop phase-informed suppression prevents cocaine-biased behavior. Binding brain-distributed neural temporally structured manner may constitute an organizational principle robust expression.

Язык: Английский

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Distributed representations of prediction error signals across the cortical hierarchy are synergistic

Nature Communications, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 15(1)

Опубликована: Май 10, 2024

Abstract A relevant question concerning inter-areal communication in the cortex is whether these interactions are synergistic. Synergy refers to complementary effect of multiple brain signals conveying more information than sum each isolated signal. Redundancy, on other hand, common shared between signals. Here, we dissociated cortical encoding (synergy) from those sharing (redundancy) during prediction error (PE) processing. We analyzed auditory and frontal electrocorticography (ECoG) five awake marmosets performing two distinct oddball tasks investigated what extent event-related potentials (ERP) broadband (BB) dynamics encoded synergistic redundant about PE The conveyed by ERPs BB was even at lower stages hierarchy regions. Using a brain-constrained neural network, simulated synergy redundancy observed experimental results demonstrated that emergence regions requires presence strong, long-distance, feedback, feedforward connections. These indicate distributed representations across can be highly

Язык: Английский

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An integrative view of the role of prefrontal cortex in consciousness

Neuron, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 112(10), С. 1626 - 1641

Опубликована: Май 1, 2024

Язык: Английский

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