Exosomes as Biomarkers and Therapeutic Agents in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Current Insights and Future Directions

Molecular Neurobiology, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Март 17, 2025

Abstract Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) like Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and ALS rank among the most challenging global health issues, marked by substantial obstacles in early diagnosis effective treatment. Current diagnostic techniques frequently demonstrate inadequate sensitivity specificity, whilst conventional treatment strategies encounter challenges related to restricted bioavailability insufficient blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Recently, exosomes—nanoscale vesicles packed with proteins, RNAs, lipids—have emerged as promising agents potential reshape therapeutic approaches these diseases. Unlike drug carriers, they naturally traverse BBB can deliver bioactive molecules affected neural cells. Their molecular cargo influence cell signaling, reduce neuroinflammation, potentially slow neurodegenerative progression. Moreover, exosomes serve non-invasive biomarkers, enabling precise while allowing real-time disease monitoring. Additionally, engineered exosomes, loaded molecules, enhance this capability targeting diseased neurons overcoming barriers. By offering enhanced reduced immunogenicity, an ability bypass physiological limitations, exosome-based present a transformative advantage over existing approaches. This review examines multifaceted role of NDDs, emphasizing their capabilities, intrinsic functions, advanced vehicles.

Язык: Английский

Present and future use of exosomes containing proteins and RNAs in neurodegenerative diseases for synaptic function regulation: A comprehensive review

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 280, С. 135826 - 135826

Опубликована: Сен. 23, 2024

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are increasingly prevalent with global aging, demanding effective treatments. Exosomes, which contain biological macromolecules such as RNA (including miRNAs) and proteins like α-synuclein, tau, amyloid-beta, gaining attention innovative therapeutics. This comprehensive review systematically explores the potential roles of exosomes in NDDs, a particular focus on their role synaptic dysfunction. We present pathophysiology NDDs discuss mechanisms exosome formation, secretion, action. Subsequently, we different types Alzheimer's disease Parkinson's disease, special regulation function. In addition, explore use biomarkers, well challenges opportunities clinical application. provide perspectives future research directions development trends to more understanding guidance for application treatment NDDs. conclusion, rich macromolecules, novel therapeutic strategy, have opened up new possibilities brought hope patients.

Язык: Английский