Environmental Enrichment as a Possible Adjunct Therapy in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Insights from Animal and Human Studies on the Implications of Glial Cells
Neuroglia,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
6(2), С. 18 - 18
Опубликована: Апрель 25, 2025
Background/Objectives:
Autism
Spectrum
Disorder
(ASD)
is
a
complex
neurodevelopmental
condition
influenced
by
genetic,
environmental,
and
epigenetic
factors,
leading
to
cognitive,
emotional,
social
impairments.
Due
the
heterogeneity
of
ASD,
conventional
therapies
often
have
limited
effectiveness,
highlighting
need
for
complementary
interventions.
Enriched
environments
(EEs),
characterized
enhanced
sensory,
motor
stimulation,
shown
promise
in
alleviating
ASD
symptoms.
This
review
examines
role
glial
cells
mediating
effects
EE.
Methods:
A
literature
was
conducted,
analyzing
studies
on
EE
interventions
animal
models
humans,
with
focus
involvement
neuroplasticity
synaptic
remodeling.
Results:
Evidence
from
suggests
that
induces
significant
modifications,
including
increased
synaptogenesis
neuronal
connectivity.
Studies
rodent
demonstrated
reduces
stereotypical
behaviors,
improves
interactions,
enhances
cognitive
function,
are
closely
associated
astrocyte
microglia
activity.
Similarly,
human
indicate
lead
reduced
autism
symptom
severity
improved
outcomes,
further
supporting
hypothesis
play
central
beneficial
Conclusions:
highlights
potential
as
modulator
brain’s
microenvironment,
emphasizing
critical
processes
intervention.
These
findings
suggest
future
therapeutic
strategies
should
integrate
approaches
specifically
target
function
optimize
intervention
outcomes.
However,
research
needed
protocols
address
heterogeneity.
Язык: Английский
Postnatal propionic acid exposure disrupts hippocampal agmatine homeostasis leading to social deficits and cognitive impairment in autism spectrum disorder-like phenotype in rats
Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
unknown, С. 174030 - 174030
Опубликована: Май 1, 2025
Язык: Английский
Different faces of autism: Patients with mutations in <i>PTEN</i> and <i>FMR1</i> genes
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Дек. 31, 2024
Autism
spectrum
disorder
(ASD)
is
among
the
most
common
neurodevelopmental
conditions
in
humans.
While
public
awareness
of
challenges
faced
by
individuals
with
autism
steadily
increasing,
underlying
causes
abnormalities
observed
ASD
remains
incompletely
understood.
The
notably
broad,
symptoms
that
can
manifest
various
forms
and
degrees
severity.
Core
features
ASD,
such
as
communication
difficulties,
impaired
social
interactions,
restricted
patterns
behavior,
interests,
activities,
are
often
accompanied
other
co‑occurring
conditions,
anxiety.
affects
regardless
gender,
race,
or
ethnicity.
Although
we
currently
unable
to
pinpoint
a
single
definitive
cause
autism,
it
clear
genetics
play
crucial
role
its
development.
first
genes
associated
an
increased
risk
for
were
discovered
rare
monogenic
disorders,
fragile
X
syndrome
(FXS),
caused
mutations
messenger
ribonucleoprotein
1
(FMR1)
gene,
macrocephaly,
linked
phosphatase
tensin
homolog
(PTEN)
gene.
This
review
aims
summarize
current
knowledge
patients
FMR1
PTEN
genes.
Язык: Английский