Global Patterns of Zoonotic Disease in Mammals

Trends in Parasitology, Год журнала: 2016, Номер 32(7), С. 565 - 577

Опубликована: Июнь 16, 2016

As the frequency and prevalence of zoonotic diseases increase worldwide, investigating how mammal host distributions determine patterns human disease predicting which regions are at greatest risk for future emergence two goals both require better understanding current hosts pathogens. We review here existing data about mammalian species, comparing contrasting these against global maps from all 27 orders terrestrial mammals. discuss potential species top six most species-rich groups, literature to identify analytical conceptual gaps that must be addressed improve our ability generate testable predictions originating wild

Язык: Английский

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Heterogeneity in pathogen transmission: mechanisms and methodology

Functional Ecology, Год журнала: 2016, Номер 30(10), С. 1606 - 1622

Опубликована: Фев. 10, 2016

Summary Heterogeneity in the ability of hosts to transmit pathogens is among most fundamental concepts disease dynamics and has major implications for control strategies. The number secondary infections produced by an infected individual a function three components: individual's infectiousness, rate at which it contacts susceptible individuals duration infection. Individual‐level variation can emerge each these components through combination behavioural physiological mechanisms. In this review, we describe mechanisms that promote transmits pathogen , emphasizing insights be gained understanding transmission (infectiousness, contact rate, infection duration) are primarily affected. We also discuss how processes generate heterogeneities across multiple scales, from individual‐level heterogeneity species. Strategies quantifying component presented, why studies focusing on only one process may misleading. To conclude, future research all provide more holistic view transmission.

Язык: Английский

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Macroimmunology: The drivers and consequences of spatial patterns in wildlife immune defence

Journal of Animal Ecology, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 89(4), С. 972 - 995

Опубликована: Дек. 19, 2019

Abstract The prevalence and intensity of parasites in wild hosts varies across space is a key determinant infection risk humans, domestic animals threatened wildlife. Because the immune system serves as primary barrier to infection, replication transmission following exposure, we here consider environmental drivers immunity. Spatial variation parasite pressure, abiotic biotic conditions, anthropogenic factors can all shape immunity spatial scales. Identifying most important could help pre‐empt infectious disease risks, especially context how large‐scale such urbanization affect defence by changing conditions. We provide synthesis apply macroecological approaches study ecoimmunology (i.e. macroimmunology). first review that generate defence, highlighting need for studies differentiate competing predictors detailing contexts where this approach might be favoured over small‐scale experimental studies. next conduct systematic literature assess frequency classify them according taxa, measures, extent, statistical methods. 210 sampling multiple host populations. show whereas are relatively common, generally low unlikely sufficient or power hypotheses. also highlight biases macroimmunology, few characterize account dependence statistically, potentially affecting inferences relationships between conditions defence. use these findings describe tools from geostatistics modelling improve inference about associations immunological variation. In particular, emphasize exploratory guide greater mixed‐effects models variability while allowing researchers both individual‐ habitat‐level covariates. finally discuss future research priorities including focusing on latitudinal gradients, range expansions being amenable approaches. Methodologically, critical opportunities posed assessing tolerance, using metagenomics quantify coupling field with experiments longitudinal approaches, applying macroecology meta‐analysis identify generalizable patterns. Such work will facilitate scaling insights predict change may alter risk.

Язык: Английский

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An Ecological Framework for Modeling the Geography of Disease Transmission

Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 34(7), С. 655 - 668

Опубликована: Май 9, 2019

Ecological niche modeling (ENM) is widely employed in ecology to predict species' potential geographic distributions relation their environmental constraints and rapidly becoming the gold-standard method for disease risk mapping. However, given biological complexity of systems, traditional ENM framework requires reevaluation. We provide an overview application systems propose a theoretical based on properties both hosts parasites produce reliable outputs resembling system distributions. Additionally, we discuss differences between considerations when implementing distributional epidemiology. This new will help field applications biogeography epidemiology infectious diseases.

Язык: Английский

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Integrating phylogenetic and ecological distances reveals new insights into parasite host specificity

Molecular Ecology, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 26(11), С. 3074 - 3086

Опубликована: Март 14, 2017

The range of hosts a pathogen infects (host specificity) is key element disease risk that may be influenced by both shared phylogenetic history and ecological attributes prospective hosts. Phylospecificity indices quantify host specificity in terms relatedness, but can fail to capture increase susceptibility. For instance, similarity habitat niche expose phylogenetically unrelated species similar assemblages. Using recently proposed method integrates multiple distances, we assess the relative contributions functional distances (functional-phylogenetic specificity). We apply this index data set avian malaria parasite (Plasmodium Haemoproteus spp.) infections from Melanesian birds show multihost parasites generally use are closely related, not with niches. also community ß-diversity (Pßd) predicts Pßd individual carry clustered Our findings were robust uncertainty, suggest ancestry plays important roles driving assembly. However, restricting analyses either recent or historical timescales identified notable exceptions, including 'habitat specialist' diversity This work highlights integrating provides powerful approach better understand drivers

Язык: Английский

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Behavioral competence: how host behaviors can interact to influence parasite transmission risk

Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, Год журнала: 2015, Номер 6, С. 35 - 40

Опубликована: Авг. 19, 2015

Язык: Английский

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Immunosenescence in wild animals: meta‐analysis and outlook

Ecology Letters, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 22(10), С. 1709 - 1722

Опубликована: Июль 19, 2019

Abstract Immunosenescence, the decline in immune defense with age, is an important mortality source elderly humans but little known of immunosenescence wild animals. We systematically reviewed and meta‐analysed evidence for age‐related changes immunity captive free‐living populations species (321 effect sizes 62 studies across 44 mammals, birds reptiles). As humans, senescence was more evident adaptive (acquired) than innate functions. Declines were cell function (antibody response), relative abundance naïve cells vivo measure overall responsiveness (local response to phytohaemagglutinin injection). Inflammatory markers increased similar chronic inflammation associated human immunosenescence. Comparisons taxa vs animals difficult due lack overlap parameters measured. Most are cross‐sectional, which yields biased estimates age‐effects when co‐varies survival. therefore suggest longitudinal sampling approaches, highlight techniques from cohort that can be incorporated into ecological research. also identify avenues address predictions evolutionary theory contribution increases disease susceptibility mortality.

Язык: Английский

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Host Specificity in Variable Environments

Trends in Parasitology, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 35(6), С. 452 - 465

Опубликована: Апрель 30, 2019

Язык: Английский

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Host Competence: An Organismal Trait to Integrate Immunology and Epidemiology

Integrative and Comparative Biology, Год журнала: 2016, Номер 56(6), С. 1225 - 1237

Опубликована: Июль 18, 2016

The new fields of ecological immunology and disease ecology have begun to merge, the classic epidemiology are beginning blend with them. This merger is occurring because integrative study host-parasite interactions providing insights into in ways that traditional methods not. With advent tools, mathematical technological, we could be on verge developing a unified theory infectious disease, one supersedes barriers jargon tradition. Here argue cornerstone any such synthesis will host competence, propensity an individual generate infections other susceptible hosts. In last few years, emergence systems has led novel insight how hosts control or eliminate pathogens. Most efforts stopped short considering transmission requisite behaviors infected individuals mediate it, explicitly incorporated evolutionary principles. Ultimately though, expect use perspective help link suborganismal processes (i.e., health selection genes) superorganismal outcomes community-level dynamics coevolution). Recently, physiological regulatory networks (PRNs) were cast as whole-organism homeostasis hence fitness individuals. Here, PRN construct develop roadmap for studying taking guidance from research. We variation underlies heterogeneity competence dynamics.

Язык: Английский

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Scaling of Host Competence

Trends in Parasitology, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 35(3), С. 182 - 192

Опубликована: Янв. 30, 2019

Язык: Английский

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