Energies, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 16(18), С. 6629 - 6629

Опубликована: Сен. 15, 2023

The main objective of this article is to evaluate the repercussions crises resulting from COVID-19 pandemic and war in Ukraine on changes European Union’s reliance energy raw material imports, particularly Russia. Furthermore, several specific objectives are outlined: ascertain EU’s balance any alterations therein, identify concentration imports among EU countries during crises, determine level fluctuations import dependence within individual member states throughout lastly, assess Russia crises. research encompassed all 27 as 31 December 2022, examination period spanned 2010 2022. information sources include relevant literature subject data sourced Eurostat. In conducting analysis presenting data, methodologies employed, including descriptive, tabular, graphical techniques. Additionally, quantitative measures such Gini structure coefficient via Lorenz curve utilized. initial phase, an entire before was carried out. Changes also shown. Secondly, resources for identified. Various relationship If groups were identified, respect indicated. Finally, During pandemic, experienced a slight reduction imports. However, short-lived mainly attributed decrease demand caused by pandemic. Conversely, had substantial impact, leading notable surge result stockpiling efforts need safeguard against further disruptions market. Notably, already considerable. Following outbreak conflict Ukraine, oil, petroleum products, solid fossil fuels significant decline due imposed sanctions. Nonetheless, restrictions natural gas comparatively less severe. 2023, crude oil instead products practically ceased, while case not so drastic.

Язык: Английский