Pesticides: formulants, distribution pathways and effects on human health – a review

Toxicology Reports, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 8, С. 1179 - 1192

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2021

Pesticides are commonly used in agriculture to enhance crop production and control pests. Therefore, pesticide residues can persist the environment agricultural crops. Although modern formulations relatively safe non-target species, numerous theoretical experimental data demonstrate that produce long-term negative effects on health of humans animals stability ecosystems. Of particular interest molecular mechanisms mediate start a cascade adverse effects. This is review latest literature consequences contamination crops by residues. In addition, we address issue implicit risks associated with formulations. The pesticides considered context Adverse Outcome Pathway concept.

Язык: Английский

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Plastic ingestion as an evolutionary trap: Toward a holistic understanding

Science, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 373(6550), С. 56 - 60

Опубликована: Июль 1, 2021

Human activities are changing our environment. Along with climate change and a widespread loss of biodiversity, plastic pollution now plays predominant role in altering ecosystems globally. Here, we review the occurrence ingestion by wildlife through evolutionary ecological lenses address fundamental question why living organisms ingest plastic. We unify evolutionary, ecological, cognitive approaches under trap theory identify three main factors that may drive ingestion: (i) availability plastics environment, (ii) an individual's acceptance threshold, (iii) overlap cues given natural foods plastics.

Язык: Английский

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The unequal burden of human-wildlife conflict

Communications Biology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 6(1)

Опубликована: Фев. 23, 2023

Abstract Human-wildlife conflict is one of the most pressing sustainable development challenges globally. This particularly case where ecologically and economically important wildlife impact livelihoods humans. Large carnivores are such group their co-occurrence with low-income rural communities often results in real or perceived livestock losses that place increased costs on already impoverished households. Here we show disparities associated vulnerability to arising from large cattle ( Bos taurus ) Across distribution 18 carnivores, find economic predation (as measured by impacts annual per capita income) between two eight times higher for households transitioning developing economies when compared developed ones. potential burden exacerbated further because keepers these areas produce average 31% less meat animal than economies. In lowest-income areas, our estimates suggest loss a single cow bull equates nearly year half lost calories consumed child. Finally, 82% carnivore range falls outside protected five threatened have over third located sensitive areas. unequal human-carnivore sheds light importance grappling multiple conflicting goals: protecting life land eliminating poverty hunger.

Язык: Английский

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An insights of organochlorine pesticides categories, properties, eco-toxicity and new developments in bioremediation process

Environmental Pollution, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 333, С. 122114 - 122114

Опубликована: Июнь 26, 2023

Язык: Английский

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Organophosphorus Nerve Agents: Types, Toxicity, and Treatments

Journal of Toxicology, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 2020, С. 1 - 16

Опубликована: Сен. 22, 2020

Organophosphorus compounds are extensively used worldwide as pesticides which cause great hazards to human health. Nerve agents, a subcategory of the organophosphorus compounds, have been produced and during wars, they also in terrorist activities. These possess physiological threats by interacting inhibiting acetylcholinesterase enzyme leads cholinergic crisis. After general introduction, this review elucidates mechanisms underlying noncholinergic effects compounds. The conceivable treatment strategies for organophosphate poisoning different types bioscavengers include stoichiometric, catalytic, pseudocatalytic. current research on promising treatments specifically catalytic including several wild-type hydrolases such paraoxonase phosphotriesterase, phosphotriesterase-like lactonase, methyl parathion hydrolase, acid anhydrolase, diisopropyl fluorophosphatase, triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase, senescence marker protein has widely discussed. reported be nonphysiological substrate many mammalian hydrolysing enzymes; therefore, efficiency these enzymes toward is inadequate. Hence, studies conducted create mutants with an enhanced rate hydrolysis high specificity. Several created applying directed molecular evolution and/or targeted mutagenesis, characterized. Generally, chiral nature. development mutant providing superior stereoselective degradation toxic accounted review. Existing shown limited efficiency; hence, more effective critically analyzed.

Язык: Английский

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Implications of bacterial, viral and mycotic microorganisms in vultures for wildlife conservation, ecosystem services and public health

Ibis, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 162(4), С. 1109 - 1124

Опубликована: Авг. 4, 2020

The effects that microorganisms (bacteria, viruses and fungi) have on their hosts remain unexplored for most vulture species. This is especially relevant vultures, as diet consists of carcasses in various stages decomposition, which are breeding grounds potentially pathogenic microorganisms. Here we review current knowledge bacterial, viral mycotic present wild vultures. We consider potential to cause disease vultures whether this poses any population‐level threats. Furthermore, address the question may act spreaders or mitigators. found 76 articles concerning 13 species, 57 evaluating bacteria, six These studies come from all continents where present, but mainly Europe North America, studied species was Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus . colonized by zoonotic pathogens, even host‐specific human pathogens. Some recorded bacteria showed multi‐antibiotic resistance, those can be associated with anthropogenic food subsides such supplementary feeding stations. evidence health affected some microorganisms, producing a wide array clinical alterations influence mortality risk fitness. did not find clear scientific play an epidemiological role spreading humans other However, there could prevent spread infectious diseases through removal decomposing organic material. evaluation exposure fundamental importance design better conservation policies threatened group, serve key ecosystem cleaners.

Язык: Английский

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Pesticide impacts on avian species with special reference to farmland birds: a review

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 194(11)

Опубликована: Сен. 15, 2022

Язык: Английский

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Pervasive exposure of wild small mammals to legacy and currently used pesticide mixtures in arable landscapes

Scientific Reports, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 12(1)

Опубликована: Сен. 23, 2022

Knowledge gaps regarding the potential role of pesticides in loss agricultural biodiversity worldwide and mixture-related issues hamper proper risk assessment unintentional impacts pesticides, rendering essential monitoring wildlife exposure to these compounds. Free-ranging mammal legacy (Banned Restricted: BRPs) currently used (CUPs) was investigated, testing hypotheses of: (1) a background bioaccumulation for BRPs whereas "hot-spot" pattern CUPs, (2) different contamination profiles between carnivores granivores/omnivores, (3) non-treated areas as refuges towards CUPs. Apodemus mice (omnivore) Crocidura shrews (insectivore) were sampled over two French landscapes (n = 93). The concentrations 140 parent chemicals metabolites screened hair samples. A total 112 compounds detected, showing small fungicides, herbicides insecticides with 32 65 residues detected per individual (13-26 18-41 CUPs). Detection frequencies exceeded 75% individuals 13 25 Concentrations above 10 ng/g quantified 7 29 CUPs (in 46% 72% individuals, respectively), 100 22% individuals). Contamination (number or concentrations) overall higher than rodents animals captured hedgerows cereal crops grasslands, but did not differ significantly conventional organic farming. general, ubiquitous by current shown, raising about pathways on ecosystems. We propose concept referred "biowidening", depicting an increase compound diversity at trophic levels. This work suggests that pesticide mixtures is rule rather exception, highlighting need consideration exposome questioning appropriateness mitigation processes.

Язык: Английский

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Cascading effects of a disease outbreak in a remote protected area

Ecology Letters, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 25(5), С. 1152 - 1163

Опубликована: Фев. 17, 2022

Disease outbreaks induced by humans increasingly threaten wildlife communities worldwide. Like predators, pathogens can be key top-down forces in ecosystems, initiating trophic cascades that may alter food webs. An outbreak of mange a remote Andean protected area caused dramatic population decline mammalian herbivore (the vicuña), creating conditions to test the cascading effects disease on ecological community. By comparing suite measurements pre-disease baseline records, we demonstrate restructured tightly linked interactions previously driven predator puma). Following outbreak, scavenger (Andean condor) occurrence ecosystem declined sharply and plant biomass cover increased dramatically predation refuges where herbivory was historically concentrated. The evidence shows disease-induced cascade, mediated vicuña density, could supplant predator-induced behaviour, thereby transforming ecosystem.

Язык: Английский

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Wildlife ecotoxicology of plant protection products: knowns and unknowns about the impacts of currently used pesticides on terrestrial vertebrate biodiversity

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Год журнала: 2024, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Апрель 19, 2024

Язык: Английский

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