Stress in wildlife: comparison of the stress response among domestic, captive, and free-ranging animals

Frontiers in Veterinary Science, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 10

Опубликована: Апрель 17, 2023

The stress response, which involves joint activity of the nervous and endocrine systems, is one basic adaptive mechanisms that ensures survival individual. activation sympathetic system, sympathetic-adrenal-medullary axis, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis enables organisms to respond endogenous exogenous challenges. Repeated short-term leads long-term stress, disrupts physiological homeostasis. Unlike domestic animals, wild animals are not protected from environmental weather influences or treated for diseases. In addition, climate change, habitat fragmentation loss, urban stressors (such as light, noise chemical pollution; xenobiotics; traffic; buildings) affect individual wildlife populations. this review, we have attempted depict magnitude response in related well captive free-ranging animals. intensity can be estimated by determining concentration glucocorticoids body fluids, tissues, excreta. A comparison results different studies suggests lower fecal hair glucocorticoid concentrations than Additionally, higher same species. As there limited data on topic, cannot draw definitive conclusions about response. Further needed clarify these issues.

Язык: Английский

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Stress in the city: meta-analysis indicates no overall evidence for stress in urban vertebrates

Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 287(1936), С. 20201754 - 20201754

Опубликована: Окт. 7, 2020

As cities continue to grow it is increasingly important understand the long-term responses of wildlife urban environments. There have been increased efforts determine whether urbanization imposes chronic stress on wild animals, but empirical evidence mixed. Here, we conduct a meta-analysis test there is, average, detrimental effect based baseline and stress-induced glucocorticoid levels vertebrates. We found no levels, none sex, season, life stage, taxon, size city nor methodology accounted for variation in observed sizes. At face value, our results suggest that areas are more stressful than rural or non-urban areas, offer few reasons why this conclusion could be premature. propose refining methods data collection will improve understanding how affects health survival wildlife.

Язык: Английский

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The effects of urban life on animal immunity: Adaptations and constraints

The Science of The Total Environment, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 895, С. 165085 - 165085

Опубликована: Июнь 26, 2023

Land transformation, including urbanization, is a dominant form of anthropogenic change to the global environment at dawn Anthropocene epoch. More and more species are brought into direct contact with humans, being either required develop broad-scale adaptations urban or filtered out from urbanized areas. While behavioural physiological forefront biology research, there accumulating evidence for divergent pathogen pressure across urbanization gradients, requiring adjustments in host immune function. At same time, immunity may be constrained by unfavourable components an environment, such as poor-quality food resources, disturbance, pollution. Here, I reviewed existing constrains system animals, focusing on recent implementation metabarcoding, genomic, transcriptomic, epigenomic approaches research. show that spatial variation non-urban landscapes highly complex context-dependent, but solid pathogen-driven immunostimulation urban-dwelling animals. also genes coding molecules directly involved interactions pathogens prime candidates immunogenetic life. Evidence emerging landscape genomics transcriptomics life have polygenic nature, traits not among key biological functions experiencing microevolutionary changes response urbanization. Finally, provided recommendations future i) better integration different 'omic' obtain complete picture non-model animal taxa, ii) quantification fitness phenotypes genotypes gradient, iii) much broader taxonomic coverage (including invertebrates) necessary draw robust conclusions how general (or taxa-specific) responses animals

Язык: Английский

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Glucocorticoid responses of wildlife to anthropogenic stressors are influenced by disturbance type and species traits

Functional Ecology, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Янв. 3, 2025

Abstract Ecological and conservation research has focused on documenting wildlife's behavioural demographic responses to anthropogenic disturbance. Yet, a significant gap remains in our understanding of the physiological mechanisms that underlie or adaptations human activities. Glucocorticoid concentrations (GCCs) are widely considered as relevant endpoints assess response wildlife natural stressors, yet recent studies show mixed outcomes concerning GCC shifts disturbed populations. Consequently, uncertainties remain around role GCCs reliable indicators effect disturbance organisms' physiology, likely due masking several confounding factors. To unveil generalizable patterns effects wildlife, we collected measured conspecific populations living undisturbed areas from 121 114 species terrestrial vertebrates, assessed roles type traits shaping using phylogenetic meta‐analysis log ratios (lnRRΔ). We found 36% increase mammals (lnRRΔ = 0.304), but no evidence for birds, non‐avian reptiles amphibians. Mammals showed similar all forms disturbance, while birds 24.6% habitat conversion only 0.221). Furthermore, change tended be higher large‐sized than small‐sized mammals, comparatively lower herbivorous mammals. Finally, non‐migratory elicit stronger compared with migratory 0.234). Our study provides novel supporting influential diet body mass behaviours glucocorticoid establishing link between magnitude pace‐of‐life‐related traits. trends coherent known responses, suggesting might costly sustain, thus serving potential early‐warning signals population decline. consistency facing types highlighting even seemingly innocuous interactions humans may still induce substantial changes. Read free Plain Language Summary this article Journal blog.

Язык: Английский

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Lower bioenergetic costs but similar immune responsiveness under a heat wave in urban compared to rural damselflies

Evolutionary Applications, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 14(1), С. 24 - 35

Опубликована: Июнь 11, 2020

Abstract There is mounting evidence that the widespread phenotypic changes in response to urbanization may reflect adaptations caused by rapid evolutionary processes driven urban‐related stressors. Compared increased habitat fragmentation and pollution, towards another typical stressor, higher longer lasting very high temperatures (heat waves), are much less studied. Notably, sensitivities heat waves of life‐history traits important fitness‐related physiological such as immune responsiveness bioenergetic variables (energy availability, energy consumption their balance) have never been contrasted between urban rural populations. By conducting a laboratory common‐garden experiment, we compared effects simulated wave on life history (survival growth rate), three populations damselfly Coenagrion puella . Because energy‐mediated trade‐off patterns only be detected under energetically costly manipulations, all larvae were immune‐challenged simulating ectoparasitism water mites. As expected, negative nearly variables. The responsiveness, other hand, wave, consistent with pattern function growth, this similarly A key finding was suffered from terms lower wave‐induced depletion availability. This suggests an adaptation better cope stronger more frequent cities. urbanization‐driven evolution not apparent absence wave. Given budgets strong fitness consequences, our findings suggest evolved ability fundamental for survival

Язык: Английский

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Past and future: Urbanization and the avian endocrine system

General and Comparative Endocrinology, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 332, С. 114159 - 114159

Опубликована: Ноя. 9, 2022

Язык: Английский

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Coping With Urban Habitats Via Glucocorticoid Regulation: Physiology, Behavior, and Life History in Stream Fishes

Integrative and Comparative Biology, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 62(1), С. 90 - 103

Опубликована: Янв. 11, 2022

Abstract As environments become urbanized, tolerant species more prevalent. The physiological, behavioral and life-history mechanisms associated with the success of such in urbanized habitats are not well understood, especially freshwater ecosystems. Here, we examined glucocorticoid (GC) profiles, traits, behavior two fish across a gradient urbanization to understand coping capacity trade-offs. We studied live-bearing Western Mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) for years slightly less tolerant, egg-laying, Blacktail Shiner (Cyprinella venusta) one year. used water-borne hormone method examine baseline, stress-induced, recovery cortisol release rates six streams differing degrees urbanization. also measured traits related reproduction, G. affinis, shoaling individual activity novel arena. Both showed trend reduced stress responsiveness streams, accompanied by higher reproductive output. Although all populations fit this trend, these results suggest that GC suppression may be adaptive urban habitats. In increased urbanization, individuals lowest response highest had greatest allotment, suggesting rapid return baseline levels is an important mechanism. altered trade-offs whereas did vary systematically Thus, cope anthropogenically modified altering their profiles These contribute understanding driving species-specific adaptations thereby community structure systems land-use converted areas.

Язык: Английский

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Urbanization correlates with the prevalence and richness of blood parasites in Eurasian Blackbirds (Turdus merula)

The Science of The Total Environment, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 922, С. 171303 - 171303

Опубликована: Фев. 27, 2024

Urbanization is increasing worldwide, producing severe environmental impacts. Biodiversity affected by the expansion of cities, with many species being unable to cope different human-induced stressors present in these landscapes. However, this knowledge mainly based on research from taxa such as plants or vertebrates, while other organisms like protozoa have been less studied context. The impact urbanization transmission vector-borne pathogens wildlife still unclear despite its relevance for animal and human health. Here, we investigated whether cities are associated changes prevalence richness lineages three protozoans (Plasmodium, Haemoproteus Leucocytozoon) Eurasian blackbirds (Turdus merula) multiple urban forest areas Europe. Our results show important species-specific differences between two habitat types. We found a significant lower Leucocytozoon birds compared birds, but no Plasmodium Haemoproteus. Furthermore, parasite European was higher than forests. also one lineage exclusively another only forests suggesting certain level specialization protozoan vectors. Overall, our findings that provide contrasting opportunities generate new scenarios interactions hosts, vectors parasites.

Язык: Английский

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Stress in the city? Coyote hair cortisol varies with intrinsic and extrinsic factors within a heavily urbanized landscape

The Science of The Total Environment, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 901, С. 165965 - 165965

Опубликована: Авг. 3, 2023

Wildlife living in proximity to people are exposed both natural and anthropogenic factors that may influence cortisol production associated with stress response. While some species, including coyotes (Canis latrans), have become commonplace developed areas throughout North America, urban individuals still must navigate ever-changing, novel environments cope frequent disturbance. Given relatively large predators compared most other wildlife, they face unique pressures such as crossing roadways use suitable habitat fragments at a greater risk of being detected experiencing negative human interactions. To assess whether urbanization influences hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity free-ranging coyotes, we analyzed concentration hair samples from 97 residing across the gradient within Greater Chicago Metropolitan area. As proportion landcover coyote home ranges increased, experienced more stress. Body condition social status also had strong relationships Animals poorer body subordinate less than alphas. We found evidence varied seasonally among different age classes. Understanding how intrinsic extrinsic endocrine carnivores is vital for predicting hormone related behavioral patterns change future populations developed.

Язык: Английский

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Feather corticosterone levels in the southern lapwing revealed no association with the degree of urbanization

Frontiers in Physiology, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 16

Опубликована: Фев. 28, 2025

The urbanization process modifies the environment in which wildlife lives. On one hand, it biotic and abiotic elements introduces new stress factors like light pollution, noise chemical pollution. These modifications to natural introduction of ones could induce organisms lead release glucocorticoids. One taxonomic group that lives cities is highly sensitive changes habitat human population density birds. Most studies about have measured glucocorticoids (GCs) circulating blood, offer only a “snapshot” an animal’s current state, affected by capture procedure. An alternative measure GCs samples are not altered procedure, feathers. In this study we compared levels corticosterone feather (Cort Feather ) southern lapwing ( Vanellus chilensis four locations Metropolitan Region (RM) Santiago de Chile. To accurately urbanization, employed distinct land cover typologies illustrate variations structural characteristics. A 500-m buffer zone was created around each collection sites where feathers were gathered, creating “Urbanization score”. We observed statistically significant variation median Cort values across studied localities. Contrary our expectation, differences concentrations identified among urbanized populations but rather between two characterized lower scores. same line, absence correlation score” levels. Our findings indicate beyond those captured satellite images may contribute elevated hormone low wetland region For instance, prevalence feral dogs vicinity, including within wetland, be contributing factor.

Язык: Английский

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