State responsibility and liability for climate damages caused by non-state actors

Опубликована: Ноя. 15, 2023

Climate change with its dreadful impacts (including extreme weather conditions, and rising sea levels) are positively correlated the increasing climatically polluting activities of Non-State Actors (NSAs). Despite these NSAs result in damages to peoples their environment, there is no direct international legal basis for holding liable damages. Since States main actors subjects International law, question that may arise is: To what extent can incur responsibility liability climate caused by non-state actors? The dissertation found traditional law does not provide clear cut State obligations regarding breaching which triggers liability, except obligation communicate nationally determined contributions, due diligence obligations. However, such well-specified or applied under law. Therefore, was a necessity pursue pluralist approach. Based on this approach, could analyse whether be triggered precautionary duty from human rights perspective, as approached domestic regional courts. Moreover, analysed an extensive interpretation biodiversity figure out trigger State. concluded that, although (direct indirect) internationally harmful NSAs, intra at level likely more legally doable, given bottom-up approach Paris Agreement has maintained addressing change-related ceasing GHG emitting restitution, even compensating any damage occur activities.

Язык: Английский

Rethinking Global Supply Chain Management in a Changing Environment to Develop an Integrated Freight Transportation System in Bangladesh

International Journal of Supply Chain Management, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 12(6), С. 39 - 56

Опубликована: Дек. 30, 2023

Global supply chain management has been a critical aspect of the international business community for decades. With rapid growth globalization, companies have expanding their businesses to different parts world, establishing cross-border partnerships and operations, relying on global trade success. In recent years, environment in which these chains operate undergone significant changes. The COVID-19 pandemic, changes government policies, fluctuations investment created more complex challenging landscape manage effectively. This resulted need rethink strategies, especially developing countries such as Bangladesh. study employs qualitative research methodology develop an integrated freight transportation system Bangladesh just after changing due COVID-19, geopolitics, other negative impacts that brought risks/disruptions movement from/to through Bangladeshi seaports. findings disruptions lead problems like operation shutdown, lost sales, late deliveries, reputation loss remarkably. River transport emerges overwhelmingly preferred mode, presenting substantial 60% respondents' choices whereas rail mode is only 30% but offers advantages terms efficiency cost-effectiveness make it strong candidate transporting goods Furthermore, 41.58% respondents expressed view significantly disrupted various activities, including shipping trade. purpose this provide comprehensive analysis current state identify ways enhance country's system. will examine existing infrastructure, practices, suggest mechanisms improving competitiveness

Язык: Английский