Evaluating salivary aerosol spread and contamination risks during dental procedures in an open-plan clinic

Journal of Aerosol Science, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 179, С. 106384 - 106384

Опубликована: Апрель 16, 2024

Язык: Английский

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Optimization of toilet bowl ventilation technology for odor control and energy efficiency enhancement in public toilet

Scientific Reports, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 15(1)

Опубликована: Фев. 10, 2025

In the operation of public toilets, a significant amount ventilation is commonly employed to maintain proper air quality. However, this inevitably leads energy wastage and compromises thermal comfort within area during winter. To enhance optimize traditional research adopts computational fluid dynamics simulation techniques. It conducts both qualitative quantitative analyses performance toilet bowl (TBV) technology across various airflow conditions, commode models, H2S NH3 odors. Additionally, it compares exhaust effectiveness different strategies evaluates energy-saving capabilities TBV technology. models under study, wind direction was directed towards interior toilet. Even when mass concentration exceeded allowable limit, iso-surface revealed that all excessive volumes were successfully contained bowl. The findings indicate by applying in can be reduced 10 m³/h usage while still fulfilling requirements for quality conservation. This method exhibits saving efficiency 8.2 W/°C. investigation effectively minimizes heat dissipation resulting from process reduces fan power consumption ensuring effluent discharge, thus laying solid foundation promotion application

Язык: Английский

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Quantitative microbial risk assessment of bioaerosol emissions from squat and bidet toilets during flushing

Risk Analysis, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Фев. 17, 2025

Abstract Bioaerosol emissions during toilet flushing are an often‐overlooked source of potential health risks in shared public facilities. This study systematically investigated the emission characteristics Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bioaerosols washrooms with squat bidet toilets under varying conditions ventilation scenarios. Using Monte Carlo simulation–based quantitative microbial risk assessment sensitivity analysis, estimated disease burden identified key factors influencing risk. The results showed that generated 1.7–2.6 times higher concentrations S. 1.2–1.4 E. compared to toilets. After first flush, bioaerosol were 1.3–1.8 ( ) lower than those observed after second flush. flush released a proportion fine particles (<4.7 µm), increasing inhalation risks. was consistently one order magnitude one. Ventilation turned‐on exhaust fan further reduced by magnitude. Sensitivity analysis exposure concentration as most influential parameter, contributing up 50% overall highlights importance optimizing design systems mitigate associated It provides actionable insights for improving washroom hygiene minimizing exposure.

Язык: Английский

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Spread of bidet toilet flushing-generated infectious aerosols in the cubicle of a public restroom

Building and Environment, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown, С. 112844 - 112844

Опубликована: Март 1, 2025

Язык: Английский

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Housing Environmental Factors Driving Falls Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A National Cohort Study

Innovation in Aging, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 7(9)

Опубликована: Окт. 20, 2023

Housing is one of the main places where falls occur; however, few studies have examined housing environmental factors driving fall risk. This study aimed to explore associations between and in China.The included data middle-aged older adults aged ≥45 years from 4 waves China Health Retirement Longitudinal Study. We assessed 7 factors: building materials, toilet types, household tidiness, cooking fuels, access electricity, running water, bathing facilities. Based on these, we divided environments into 3 types: good (0-2 poor factors), moderate (3-5 (6-7 factors). Falls incidence (yes or no) was self-reported during survey period. applied Cox proportional hazard model estimate associations, adjusting for a set covariates such as sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyles, disease status.A total 12,382 participants were analyzed, 31.7%. According fully adjusted model, having squatting (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.14, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-1.26), untidiness (HR 1.09, CI 1.01-1.18), solid fuel use 1.10, 1.02-1.18) associated with higher risk (ps < .05), compared their counterparts. found linear relationship (p trend .001). Specifically, 1.16, 1.06-1.27) 1.21, 1.08-1.34) environment.Among Chinese adults, better environment, including sitting toilets, tidy living conditions, clean cooking, may reduce falls. The evidence our suggests need implement age-friendly prevent disability an aging society.

Язык: Английский

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Vertical transmission of infectious aerosols through building toilet drainage system: An experimental study

Environmental Pollution, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 343, С. 123284 - 123284

Опубликована: Дек. 30, 2023

Язык: Английский

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A review of latrine front-end characteristics associated with microbial infection risk; reveals a lack of pathogen density data

International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 254, С. 114261 - 114261

Опубликована: Сен. 1, 2023

Unsafe sanitation accounts for an estimated 898,000 global deaths annually. The faecal pathogen transmission pathway is complex with several possible routes. Latrine front-end characteristics and usage behaviours are one key microbial pathogens, however, there has not yet been a synthesis of the available research. This review aims to compare infection risks latrine components including any quantified densities within household latrines. was conducted no restriction on geographical location Of 118 studies reviewed, only ten (8%) have density inside latrines compared 109 (92%) measuring risks. reported were most frequent specific bacterial (n = 34), helminths infections 32) diarrhoea 23), combined 15), protozoan 4), viral 4) infections. risk decreased using lying at higher position ladder (for example flush latrines) those lower pit latrines). trend similar floor materials that easier clean less favourable survival example, concrete as opposed earth). Faecal coliforms highest surface squat pan (743 CFU/cm2) pour-flush earth floors (1.5 eggs larvae per gram soil). Irrespective type its ladder, dirty latrine, evidenced by visible lack cleanliness, significantly increased all study recommends effective reduction in can be gained efficiently ensuring washable surfaces consistent cleaning practices. Future should include more rigorous measurements various types incorporating different behaviours.

Язык: Английский

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Indoor Air Quality Improvement in Public Toilets at Railway Stations in China: A Field and Numerical Study

Sustainability, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 15(11), С. 8720 - 8720

Опубликована: Май 29, 2023

This study investigated the air quality and ventilation systems of 22 public toilets in 10 railway stations China. Approximately 80% meet standard for ammonia concentration Class I toilets, while 20% exceed standard. It was found that pollutants is mainly related to number toilet users system. In change delayed by about 1 2 h with hourly service number. order improve quality, a design method calculating cubicles proposed. Results show capacity cubicle per hour (SCCH) female 12, SCCH male ratio squatting pans urinals (RSU), which suggested be 1:1~1:0.8, corresponding 16~20. Then, effect different forms simulated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) 2019 software. The results bottom exhaust better than top fresh supply system unnecessary. recommended rate 20 changes (ACH). scale proposed this paper meant address gender imbalance avoid queuing provides reference renovation toilets.

Язык: Английский

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Retrospective genome-oriented analysis reveals low transmission rate of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa from contaminated toilets at a bone marrow transplant unit

Journal of Hospital Infection, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 150, С. 96 - 104

Опубликована: Июнь 1, 2024

Язык: Английский

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Impact of ventilation efficiency on restraining hazardous toilet plume post-flushing in indoor environments

Indoor and Built Environment, Год журнала: 2024, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Июнь 18, 2024

This study analyzed the hybrid ventilation efficiency of indoor toilet plumes generated post-flushing with various designs. Single-sided natural and were numerically investigated to determine impact vent locations commonly found in multistorey buildings. An in-situ experiment was performed identify size distribution plume time series. A computational fluid dynamics model based on Reynolds-averaged naiver-Stokes equations baseline k-ω turbulence used predict aerosol pollutant transmission. The aerosol-laden particles receded gradually impacted by convection ambient source. Besides flush volume, temperature scenarios also related generation droplet results indicated that rates generally increased decreased residence if not suppressed. suggested appropriate design could significantly reduce average particle time, which case it rate virus infection.

Язык: Английский

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