Research Square (Research Square),
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Сен. 3, 2024
Abstract
Public
toilets
frequently
use
considerable
amounts
of
ventilation
to
ensure
appropriate
air
quality
while
operating.
This
obviously
results
in
energy
loss
and
reduces
the
thermal
comfort
area
winter.
To
optimize
improve
traditional
toilets,
this
paper
uses
computational
fluid
dynamics
(CFD)
simulation
methods
qualitatively
quantitatively
analyze
performance
toilet
bowl
(TBV)
technology
under
different
airflow,
odors,
commode
models,
as
well
compare
exhaust
effect
schemes
energy-saving
TBV
technology.
The
wind
direction
for
both
models
was
toward
toilet’s
inside.
Even
if
highest
mass
concentration
above
allowable
limit,
iso-surface
demonstrates
that
all
extra
odor
volume
is
controlled
inside
bowl.
show
application
public
can
reduce
airflow
10m3/h
during
used
still
meet
requirements.
method
has
a
saving
efficiency
8.2W/°C.
investigation
may
efficiently
heat
dissipation
caused
by
process
fan
power
consumption
assuring
effluent
discharge,
thereby
establishing
foundation
promotion
Scientific Reports,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
15(1)
Опубликована: Фев. 10, 2025
In
the
operation
of
public
toilets,
a
significant
amount
ventilation
is
commonly
employed
to
maintain
proper
air
quality.
However,
this
inevitably
leads
energy
wastage
and
compromises
thermal
comfort
within
area
during
winter.
To
enhance
optimize
traditional
research
adopts
computational
fluid
dynamics
simulation
techniques.
It
conducts
both
qualitative
quantitative
analyses
performance
toilet
bowl
(TBV)
technology
across
various
airflow
conditions,
commode
models,
H2S
NH3
odors.
Additionally,
it
compares
exhaust
effectiveness
different
strategies
evaluates
energy-saving
capabilities
TBV
technology.
models
under
study,
wind
direction
was
directed
towards
interior
toilet.
Even
when
mass
concentration
exceeded
allowable
limit,
iso-surface
revealed
that
all
excessive
volumes
were
successfully
contained
bowl.
The
findings
indicate
by
applying
in
can
be
reduced
10
m³/h
usage
while
still
fulfilling
requirements
for
quality
conservation.
This
method
exhibits
saving
efficiency
8.2
W/°C.
investigation
effectively
minimizes
heat
dissipation
resulting
from
process
reduces
fan
power
consumption
ensuring
effluent
discharge,
thus
laying
solid
foundation
promotion
application
Abstract
Bioaerosol
emissions
during
toilet
flushing
are
an
often‐overlooked
source
of
potential
health
risks
in
shared
public
facilities.
This
study
systematically
investigated
the
emission
characteristics
Staphylococcus
aureus
and
Escherichia
coli
bioaerosols
washrooms
with
squat
bidet
toilets
under
varying
conditions
ventilation
scenarios.
Using
Monte
Carlo
simulation–based
quantitative
microbial
risk
assessment
sensitivity
analysis,
estimated
disease
burden
identified
key
factors
influencing
risk.
The
results
showed
that
generated
1.7–2.6
times
higher
concentrations
S.
1.2–1.4
E.
compared
to
toilets.
After
first
flush,
bioaerosol
were
1.3–1.8
(
)
lower
than
those
observed
after
second
flush.
flush
released
a
proportion
fine
particles
(<4.7
µm),
increasing
inhalation
risks.
was
consistently
one
order
magnitude
one.
Ventilation
turned‐on
exhaust
fan
further
reduced
by
magnitude.
Sensitivity
analysis
exposure
concentration
as
most
influential
parameter,
contributing
up
50%
overall
highlights
importance
optimizing
design
systems
mitigate
associated
It
provides
actionable
insights
for
improving
washroom
hygiene
minimizing
exposure.
Innovation in Aging,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
7(9)
Опубликована: Окт. 20, 2023
Housing
is
one
of
the
main
places
where
falls
occur;
however,
few
studies
have
examined
housing
environmental
factors
driving
fall
risk.
This
study
aimed
to
explore
associations
between
and
in
China.The
included
data
middle-aged
older
adults
aged
≥45
years
from
4
waves
China
Health
Retirement
Longitudinal
Study.
We
assessed
7
factors:
building
materials,
toilet
types,
household
tidiness,
cooking
fuels,
access
electricity,
running
water,
bathing
facilities.
Based
on
these,
we
divided
environments
into
3
types:
good
(0-2
poor
factors),
moderate
(3-5
(6-7
factors).
Falls
incidence
(yes
or
no)
was
self-reported
during
survey
period.
applied
Cox
proportional
hazard
model
estimate
associations,
adjusting
for
a
set
covariates
such
as
sociodemographic
characteristics,
lifestyles,
disease
status.A
total
12,382
participants
were
analyzed,
31.7%.
According
fully
adjusted
model,
having
squatting
(hazard
ratio
[HR]
=
1.14,
95%
confidence
interval
[CI]
1.03-1.26),
untidiness
(HR
1.09,
CI
1.01-1.18),
solid
fuel
use
1.10,
1.02-1.18)
associated
with
higher
risk
(ps
<
.05),
compared
their
counterparts.
found
linear
relationship
(p
trend
.001).
Specifically,
1.16,
1.06-1.27)
1.21,
1.08-1.34)
environment.Among
Chinese
adults,
better
environment,
including
sitting
toilets,
tidy
living
conditions,
clean
cooking,
may
reduce
falls.
The
evidence
our
suggests
need
implement
age-friendly
prevent
disability
an
aging
society.
International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
254, С. 114261 - 114261
Опубликована: Сен. 1, 2023
Unsafe
sanitation
accounts
for
an
estimated
898,000
global
deaths
annually.
The
faecal
pathogen
transmission
pathway
is
complex
with
several
possible
routes.
Latrine
front-end
characteristics
and
usage
behaviours
are
one
key
microbial
pathogens,
however,
there
has
not
yet
been
a
synthesis
of
the
available
research.
This
review
aims
to
compare
infection
risks
latrine
components
including
any
quantified
densities
within
household
latrines.
was
conducted
no
restriction
on
geographical
location
Of
118
studies
reviewed,
only
ten
(8%)
have
density
inside
latrines
compared
109
(92%)
measuring
risks.
reported
were
most
frequent
specific
bacterial
(n
=
34),
helminths
infections
32)
diarrhoea
23),
combined
15),
protozoan
4),
viral
4)
infections.
risk
decreased
using
lying
at
higher
position
ladder
(for
example
flush
latrines)
those
lower
pit
latrines).
trend
similar
floor
materials
that
easier
clean
less
favourable
survival
example,
concrete
as
opposed
earth).
Faecal
coliforms
highest
surface
squat
pan
(743
CFU/cm2)
pour-flush
earth
floors
(1.5
eggs
larvae
per
gram
soil).
Irrespective
type
its
ladder,
dirty
latrine,
evidenced
by
visible
lack
cleanliness,
significantly
increased
all
study
recommends
effective
reduction
in
can
be
gained
efficiently
ensuring
washable
surfaces
consistent
cleaning
practices.
Future
should
include
more
rigorous
measurements
various
types
incorporating
different
behaviours.
Sustainability,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
15(11), С. 8720 - 8720
Опубликована: Май 29, 2023
This
study
investigated
the
air
quality
and
ventilation
systems
of
22
public
toilets
in
10
railway
stations
China.
Approximately
80%
meet
standard
for
ammonia
concentration
Class
I
toilets,
while
20%
exceed
standard.
It
was
found
that
pollutants
is
mainly
related
to
number
toilet
users
system.
In
change
delayed
by
about
1
2
h
with
hourly
service
number.
order
improve
quality,
a
design
method
calculating
cubicles
proposed.
Results
show
capacity
cubicle
per
hour
(SCCH)
female
12,
SCCH
male
ratio
squatting
pans
urinals
(RSU),
which
suggested
be
1:1~1:0.8,
corresponding
16~20.
Then,
effect
different
forms
simulated
computational
fluid
dynamics
(CFD)
2019
software.
The
results
bottom
exhaust
better
than
top
fresh
supply
system
unnecessary.
recommended
rate
20
changes
(ACH).
scale
proposed
this
paper
meant
address
gender
imbalance
avoid
queuing
provides
reference
renovation
toilets.
Indoor and Built Environment,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Июнь 18, 2024
This
study
analyzed
the
hybrid
ventilation
efficiency
of
indoor
toilet
plumes
generated
post-flushing
with
various
designs.
Single-sided
natural
and
were
numerically
investigated
to
determine
impact
vent
locations
commonly
found
in
multistorey
buildings.
An
in-situ
experiment
was
performed
identify
size
distribution
plume
time
series.
A
computational
fluid
dynamics
model
based
on
Reynolds-averaged
naiver-Stokes
equations
baseline
k-ω
turbulence
used
predict
aerosol
pollutant
transmission.
The
aerosol-laden
particles
receded
gradually
impacted
by
convection
ambient
source.
Besides
flush
volume,
temperature
scenarios
also
related
generation
droplet
results
indicated
that
rates
generally
increased
decreased
residence
if
not
suppressed.
suggested
appropriate
design
could
significantly
reduce
average
particle
time,
which
case
it
rate
virus
infection.
City and Built Environment,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
2(1)
Опубликована: Июнь 20, 2024
Abstract
Ventilation
efficiency
or
contaminant
removal
is
often
evaluated
using
the
ratio
between
concentrations
in
exhaust
air
and
room
air.
This
does
not
truly
represent
expectation
of
ventilation
restrooms,
where
dynamic
airflow
fields
sources
are
more
typical.
study
focuses
on
a
short-term
(10
min)
pollutant
percentage
residential
restroom
featuring
field,
particularly
with
onset
window-induced
stack
during
toilet
uses.
Thirteen
scenarios
were
studied
numerical
method
that
was
validated
by
mock-up
experiment.
The
differed
operation
fan
window.
Results
show
10-min
typical
system
at
10
h
-1
change
rate
(ACH)
only
68.5%.
Under
ventilation,
opening
window
can
introduce
both
adverse
short
circuit
favorable
depending
difference
indoor
outdoor
temperatures.
As
temperature
increases
from
0
to
12.5
°C,
below
50%,
drop
due
circuit,
above
98%
thanks
tripled
rate.
human
thermal
plume
has
notable
effect
percentage,
but
its
be
neglected
presence
ventilation.
hybrid
strategy
impact
perceived
quality
comfort.
When
colder,
under
may
increase
current
sitting
user’s
exposure
self-produced
pollutants
reduce
next
immediate
standing
user.
In
addition,
cold
days
will
make
user
thermally
uncomfortable
reduced
local
temperatures
increased
velocities.
highlights
importance
evaluate
performance
