Toward a Rational and Mechanistic Account of Mental Effort

Annual Review of Neuroscience, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 40(1), С. 99 - 124

Опубликована: Апрель 4, 2017

In spite of its familiar phenomenology, the mechanistic basis for mental effort remains poorly understood. Although most researchers agree that is aversive and stems from limitations in our capacity to exercise cognitive control, it unclear what gives rise those why they result an experience control as costly. The presence these costs also raises further questions regarding how best allocate minimize maximize attendant benefits. This review explores recent advances computational modeling empirical research aimed at addressing level psychological process neural mechanism, examining both exertion we manage limited resources. We conclude by identifying remaining challenges theoretical accounts well possible applications available findings understanding causes potential solutions apparent failures exert required us.

Язык: Английский

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Pupil dilation as an index of effort in cognitive control tasks: A review

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 25(6), С. 2005 - 2015

Опубликована: Фев. 12, 2018

Pupillometry research has experienced an enormous revival in the last two decades. Here we briefly review surge of recent studies on task-evoked pupil dilation context cognitive control tasks with primary aim being to evaluate feasibility using as index effort exertion, rather than task demand or difficulty. Our shows that across three domains updating, switching, and inhibition, increases demands typically leads dilation. Studies show a diverging pattern respect relationship between performance how account can provide explanation these findings. We also discuss future directions further corroborate this theories their potential neurobiological substrates.

Язык: Английский

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The Effort Paradox: Effort Is Both Costly and Valued

Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 22(4), С. 337 - 349

Опубликована: Фев. 21, 2018

Язык: Английский

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Self-Control and Academic Achievement

Annual Review of Psychology, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 70(1), С. 373 - 399

Опубликована: Янв. 4, 2019

Self-control refers to the alignment of thoughts, feelings, and actions with enduringly valued goals in face momentarily more alluring alternatives. In this review, we examine role self-control academic achievement. We begin by defining distinguishing it from related constructs. Next, summarize evidence that nearly all students experience conflict between they value long run nonacademic find gratifying moment. then turn longitudinal relating attainment, course grades, performance on standardized achievement tests. use process model illustrate how impulses are generated regulated, emphasizing opportunities for deliberately strengthen congruent with, dampen incongruent goals. Finally, conclude future directions both science practice.

Язык: Английский

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Integrating Models of Self-Regulation

Annual Review of Psychology, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 72(1), С. 319 - 345

Опубликована: Окт. 5, 2020

Self-regulation is a core aspect of human functioning that helps facilitate the successful pursuit personal goals. There has been proliferation theories and models describing different aspects self-regulation both within outside psychology. All these provide insights about self-regulation, but sometimes they talk past each other, make only shallow contributions, or contributions are underappreciated by scholars working in adjacent areas. The purpose this article to integrate across many order refine vast literature on self-regulation. To achieve objective, we first review some more prominent coming from social psychology, personality cognitive neuroscience. We then based four key elements-level analysis, conflict, emotion, functioning-specifically identifying points convergence also insufficient emphasis. close with prescriptions for future research.

Язык: Английский

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Empathy is hard work: People choose to avoid empathy because of its cognitive costs.

Journal of Experimental Psychology General, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 148(6), С. 962 - 976

Опубликована: Апрель 18, 2019

Empathy is considered a virtue, yet it fails in many situations, leading to basic question: When given choice, do people avoid empathy? And if so, why? Whereas past work has focused on material and emotional costs of empathy, here, we examined whether experience empathy as cognitively taxing costly, them it. We developed the selection task, which uses free choices assess desire empathize. Participants make series binary choices, selecting situations that lead engage or an alternative course action. In each 11 studies (N = 1,204) meta-analysis, found robust preference was associated with perceptions more effortful aversive less efficacious. Experimentally increasing efficacy eliminated avoidance, suggesting cognitive directly cause choice. choice share others' feelings, act not worth effort. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Язык: Английский

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Self-Control as Value-Based Choice

Current Directions in Psychological Science, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 26(5), С. 422 - 428

Опубликована: Окт. 1, 2017

Self-control is often conceived as a battle between “hot” impulsive processes and “cold” deliberative ones. Heeding the angel on one shoulder leads to success; following demon other failure. feels like duality. What if that sensation misleading, despite how they feel, self-control decisions are just any choice? We argue form of value-based choice wherein options assigned subjective value decision made through dynamic integration process. articulate model can capture its phenomenology account for relevant behavioral neuroscientific data. This conceptualization links divergent scientific approaches, allows more robust precise hypothesis testing, suggests novel pathways improve self-control.

Язык: Английский

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The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex is selective for pain: Results from large-scale reverse inference

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Год журнала: 2015, Номер 112(49), С. 15250 - 15255

Опубликована: Ноя. 18, 2015

Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) activation is commonly observed in studies of pain, executive control, conflict monitoring, and salience processing, making it difficult to interpret the dACC's specific psychological function. Using Neurosynth, an automated brainmapping database [of over 10,000 functional MRI (fMRI) studies], we performed quantitative reverse inference analyses explore best general account dACC function P(Ψ process|dACC activity). Results clearly indicated that description was related pain processing--not executive, conflict, or processing. We conclude by considering physical may be instance a broader class survival-relevant goals monitored dACC, contrast more arbitrary temporary goals, which supplementary motor area.

Язык: Английский

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Vagal Tank Theory: The Three Rs of Cardiac Vagal Control Functioning – Resting, Reactivity, and Recovery

Frontiers in Neuroscience, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 12

Опубликована: Июль 10, 2018

The aim of this paper is to set the stage for vagal tank theory, showcasing a functional resource account self-regulation. building on neurophysiological, cognitive and social psychology approaches, will introduce physiological indicator self-regulation that has mainly been ignored from psychology, cardiac control (also referred as activity). Cardiac reflects contribution vagus nerve, main nerve parasympathetic nervous system, regulation. We propose be an how efficiently self-regulatory resources are mobilized used. Three systematic levels analysis suggested: resting, reactivity, recovery. Based we derive metaphor tank, which can get depleted replenished. Overall, theory enable integrate previous findings different disciplines stimulate new research questions, predictions, designs regarding

Язык: Английский

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The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework

Personality and Social Psychology Review, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 22(3), С. 260 - 284

Опубликована: Ноя. 13, 2017

Traditionally, ritual has been studied from broad sociocultural perspectives, with little consideration of the psychological processes at play. Recently, however, psychologists have begun turning their attention to study ritual, uncovering causal mechanisms driving this universal aspect human behavior. With growing interest in psychology article provides an organizing framework understand recent empirical work social psychology, cognitive science, anthropology, behavioral economics, and neuroscience. Our focuses on three primary regulatory functions rituals: regulation (a) emotions, (b) performance goal states, (c) connection. We examine possible underlying each function by considering bottom-up that emerge physical features rituals top-down meaning rituals. framework, appreciating value theory, generates novel predictions enriches our understanding behavior more broadly.

Язык: Английский

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