Beyond the spotlight: Unveiling the gender bias curtain in movie reviews

PLoS ONE, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 20(1), С. e0316093 - e0316093

Опубликована: Янв. 29, 2025

Historically, the film industry has been male-dominated both in front of and behind camera, resulting a longstanding gender imbalance storytelling representation. This legacy male-centric narratives may unconsciously influence critics’ expectations judgments. Existing literature suggests that negative critiques movie reviews can significantly impact actors’ earnings by diminishing film’s commercial prospects. extends to potential reductions back-end compensation marketability for future projects, it directly affect well-being, leading increased stress levels elevated cardiovascular reactivity. Previously, biases were computed using disparities male-led versus female-led ratings or box-office earnings; however, no work done quantify linguistic within review transcripts. aims leverage our language-model-powered bias detection system measure benevolent sexism, hostile explicit marking sex, dehumanization, generic pronouns published professional critics. Therefore, we analyzed 17,165 professionally written reviews, comprising total 735,000 sentences. Our analysis uncovers pronounced representation key roles, with 72% first actors, 91% directors, 86% writers being male. More importantly, findings indicate movies female-dominated casts evoke, on average, 149% higher magnitude sexism 44% their compared casts. We also find is most common Family Music genres, reflecting romanticization whereas peaks Romance. A non-parametric statistical revealed significant differences scores female receiving sexist criticism male counterparts.

Язык: Английский

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Words have a weight: language as a source of inner grounding and flexibility in abstract concepts

Psychological Research, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 86(8), С. 2451 - 2467

Опубликована: Ноя. 10, 2020

Язык: Английский

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Robust Lexically Mediated Compensation for Coarticulation: Christmash Time Is Here Again

Cognitive Science, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 45(4)

Опубликована: Апрель 1, 2021

A long-standing question in cognitive science is how high-level knowledge integrated with sensory input. For example, listeners can leverage lexical to interpret an ambiguous speech sound, but do such effects reflect direct top-down influences on perception or merely postperceptual biases? critical test case the domain of spoken word recognition lexically mediated compensation for coarticulation (LCfC). Previous LCfC studies have shown that a restored context phoneme (e.g., /s/ Christma#) alter perceived place articulation subsequent target initial stimulus from tapes-capes continuum), consistent influence unambiguous same position. Because this phoneme-to-phoneme considered sublexical, scientists agree evidence would constitute strong support interaction. However, results previous been inconsistent, and positive often small. Here, we conducted extensive piloting stimuli prior testing LCfC. Specifically, ensured items elicited robust restoration final Christma# was reliably identified as /s/) context-final segments clear at end Christmas) drove reliable phoneme. We observed well-powered, preregistered experiment these pretested (N = 40) well replication study 40). These provide favor computational models include feedback.

Язык: Английский

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Building semantic memory from embodied and distributional language experience

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 12(5)

Опубликована: Фев. 2, 2021

Humans seamlessly make sense of a rapidly changing environment, using seemingly limitless knowledgebase to recognize and adapt most situations we encounter. This is called semantic memory. Embodied cognition theories suggest that represent this knowledge through simulation: understanding the meaning coffee entails reinstantiating neural states involved in touching, smelling, seeing, drinking coffee. Distributional are sensitive statistical regularities natural language, cognitive mechanism picks up on these transforms them into usable representations reflecting contextual usage language. These appear present contrasting views memory, but do they? Recent years have seen push toward combining approaches under common framework. hybrid augment our memory important ways, current versions remain unsatisfactory part because they treat sensory-perceptual distributional-linguistic data as interacting distinct types must be combined. We synthesize several which, taken together, linguistic embodied experience should instead considered inseparably entangled: just sensory perceptual systems reactivated understand meaning, so experience-based endemic processing; further, susceptible same distributional principles language experience. conclusion produces characterization accounts for interdependencies between arise across multiple timescales, giving rise concept reflect shared unique experiences. article categorized under: Psychology > Language Neuroscience Cognition Linguistics Mind Brain.

Язык: Английский

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Visual category representations in the infant brain

Current Biology, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 32(24), С. 5422 - 5432.e6

Опубликована: Ноя. 30, 2022

Visual categorization is a human core cognitive capacity

Язык: Английский

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The functions of consciousness in visual processing

Neuroscience of Consciousness, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 2023(1)

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2023

Abstract Conscious experiences form a relatively diverse class of psychological phenomena, supported by range distinct neurobiological mechanisms. This diversity suggests that consciousness occupies variety different functional roles across task domains, individuals, and species; position I call pluralism. In this paper, begin to tease out some the contributions makes (human) visual processing. Consolidating research from cognitive sciences, discuss semantic spatiotemporal processing as specific points comparison between capabilities system in presence absence conscious awareness. argue contributes cluster functions processing; facilitating, among other things, (i) increased capacities for semantically informationally complex stimuli, (ii) precision, (iii) representational integration over large intervals. sort analysis should ultimately yield plurality markers can be used guide future philosophy science consciousness, which are not captured popular theoretical frameworks like global workspace theory information theory.

Язык: Английский

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Neurobiological mechanisms for language, symbols and concepts: Clues from brain-constrained deep neural networks

Progress in Neurobiology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 230, С. 102511 - 102511

Опубликована: Июль 22, 2023

Neural networks are successfully used to imitate and model cognitive processes. However, provide clues about the neurobiological mechanisms enabling human cognition, these models need mimic structure function of real brains. Brain-constrained differ from classic neural by implementing brain similarities at different scales, ranging micro- mesoscopic levels neuronal function, local links circuit interaction large-scale anatomical between-area connectivity. This review shows how brain-constrained can be applied study in silico formation for symbol concept processing work towards explanations specifically abilities. These include verbal working memory learning large vocabularies symbols, semantic binding carried specific areas cortex, attention focusing modulation driven type, acquisition concrete abstract concepts partly influenced symbols. Neuronal assembly activity is analyzed deliver putative mechanistic correlates higher processes develop candidate founded established principles.

Язык: Английский

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Grounded Cognition, Linguistic Relativity, and Abstract Concepts

Topics in Cognitive Science, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 15(4), С. 662 - 667

Опубликована: Май 10, 2023

Abstract Kemmerer's paper convincingly claims that the grounded cognition model (GCM) entails linguistic relativity. Here, we underline tackling relativity and cultural differences is vital for GCM. First, it allows GCM to focus more on flexible rather than stable aspects of cognition. Second, highlights centrality experience human While GCM‐inspired research underscored similarity between nonlinguistic concepts, now paramount understand when how language(s) influence knowledge. To this aim, argue variation might be particularly relevant abstract concepts—which are debatable open revisions.

Язык: Английский

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Cross Modality Bias in Visual Question Answering: A Causal View With Possible Worlds VQA

IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 26, С. 8609 - 8624

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2024

To increase the generalization capability of VQA systems, many recent studies have tried to de-bias spurious language or vision associations that shortcut question image answer. Despite these efforts, literature fails address confounding effect and simultaneously. As a result, when they reduce bias learned from one modality, usually other. In this paper, we first model causes simultaneously, then propose counterfactual inference remove influence effect. The trained in strategy can concurrently efficiently bias. best our knowledge, is work biases resulting effects VQA, leveraging causal explain-away relations. We accompany method with an strategy, pushing accuracy questions numerical answers results compared existing methods been open problem. proposed outperforms state-of-the-art VQA-CP v2 datasets. Our codes are available at https://github.com/ali-vosoughi/PW-VQA .

Язык: Английский

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The Psychology of Framing: How Everyday Language Shapes the Way We Think, Feel, and Act

Psychological Science in the Public Interest, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 25(3), С. 105 - 161

Опубликована: Дек. 1, 2024

When we use language to communicate, must choose what say, not and how say it. That is, decide frame the message. These linguistic choices matter: Framing a discussion one way or another can influence people think, feel, act in many important domains, including politics, health, business, journalism, law, even conversations with loved ones. The ubiquity of framing effects raises several questions relevant public interest: What makes certain messages so potent others ineffectual? Do pose threat our autonomy, are they rational response variation content? Can learn more effectively promote policy reforms other causes believe in, is this an overly idealistic goal? In article, address these by providing integrative review psychology framing. We begin brief history concept survey common effects. then outline cognitive, social-pragmatic, emotional mechanisms underlying such This centers on view that natural—and unavoidable—feature human communication. From perspective, reflect sensible communicate different information. second half provide taxonomy techniques, describing various ways structure content message be altered shape people’s mental models being described. Some manipulations subtle, involving slight shift grammar wording. Others overt, wholesale changes Finally, consider factors moderate impact framing, gaps current empirical literature, opportunities for future research. conclude offering general recommendations effective reflecting place society. Linguistic powerful, but its inevitable—we always reframe issue ourselves people.

Язык: Английский

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