Tiny but Mighty: Vipera ammodytes meridionalis (Eastern Long-Nosed Viper) Ontogenetic Venom Variations in Procoagulant Potency and the Impact on Antivenom Efficacies
Toxins,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
16(9), С. 396 - 396
Опубликована: Сен. 14, 2024
The
Eastern
Long-Nosed
Viper
(Vipera
ammodytes
meridionalis)
is
considered
one
of
the
most
venomous
snakes
in
Europe.
However,
it
unknown
whether
ontogenetic
variation
venom
effects
occurs
this
subspecies
and
how
may
impact
antivenom
efficacy.
In
study,
we
compared
procoagulant
activities
V.
a.
meridionalis
on
human
plasma
between
neonate
adult
phenotypes.
We
also
examined
efficacy
three
antivenoms—Viperfav,
ViperaTAb,
Inoserp
Europe—across
our
samples.
While
both
venoms
produced
effects,
by
were
more
potent.
Consistent
with
this,
was
a
stronger
activator
blood-clotting
zymogens,
converting
them
into
their
active
forms,
rank
order
Factor
X
>>
VII
>
XII.
Conversely,
less
potent
had
FXII
marginally
activated
than
VII,
much
so
X.
This
adds
to
growing
body
evidence
that
activation
factors
besides
FII
(prothrombin)
FX
are
significant
variables
reptile
venom-induced
coagulopathy.
Although
all
antivenoms
displayed
effective
neutralization
venoms,
they
generally
showed
higher
venom.
ranking
against
venom,
from
least
effective,
Viperfav,
Europe,
ViperaTAb;
for
ViperaTAb.
Our
data
reveal
meridionalis,
but
difference
not
be
clinical
concern
as
at
neutralizing
Regardless,
results
highlight
previously
undocumented
shift,
likely
driven
documented
prey
preference
observed
species
across
age
classes
Язык: Английский
Comparative Analysis of the Enzymatic, Coagulant, and Neuromuscular Activities of Two Variants of Crotalus durissus ruruima Venom and Antivenom Efficacy
Pharmaceuticals,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
18(1), С. 54 - 54
Опубликована: Янв. 6, 2025
Background:
We
compared
the
enzymatic,
coagulant,
and
neuromuscular
activities
of
two
variants
(yellow—CDRy
white—CDRw)
Crotalus
durissus
ruruima
venom
with
a
sample
C.
d.
terrificus
(CDT)
examined
their
neutralization
by
antivenom
against
CDT
venom.
Methods:
The
venoms
were
screened
for
enzymatic
coagulant
using
standard
assays,
electrophoretic
profiles
SDS-PAGE.
Neutralization
was
assessed
preincubating
crotalic
assaying
residual
activity.
Results:
SDS-PAGE
showed
that
had
similar
profiles,
main
bands
being
phospholipase
A2
(PLA2),
serine
proteinases,
L-amino
acid
oxidase
(LAAO),
phosphodiesterase.
CDRy
highest
proteolytic
LAAO
activities,
CDRw
greater
PLA2
esterolytic
at
quantity
tested,
activity
than
CDRy.
comparable
None
altered
prothrombin
time
(PT),
but
all
them
decreased
activated
partial
thromboplastin
(aPPT);
this
neutralized
antivenom.
minimum
dose
potency
>>
>
CDT.
All
thrombin-like
attenuated
α-fibrinogenolytic
partially
cleaved
β-chain.
caused
facilitation
(enhanced
muscle
contractions)
followed
complete
blockade,
whereas
only
blockade.
Antivenom
to
varying
degrees.
Conclusions:
These
findings
indicate
while
CDR
share
similarities,
they
also
differ
in
some
biological
Some
these
differences
could
influence
clinical
manifestations
envenomation
currently
used
therapeutic
Язык: Английский