Frontiers in Immunology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 15
Опубликована: Дек. 9, 2024
Age-associated differences in the effect of repetitive vaccination, particularly on memory T-cell and B-cell responses, remain unclear. While older adults (aged ≥65 years) exhibited enhanced IgG responses following COVID-19 mRNA booster they produced fewer spike-specific circulating follicular helper T cells-1 than younger adults. Similarly, cytotoxic CD8
Язык: Английский
bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown
Опубликована: Янв. 10, 2025
SUMMARY The long-term effects of repeated COVID-19 vaccinations on adaptive immunity remain incompletely understood. Here, we conducted a comprehensive three-year longitudinal study examining T cell and antibody responses in 78 vaccinated individuals without reported symptomatic infections. We observed distinct dynamics Spike-specific humoral cellular immune across multiple vaccine doses. While titers incrementally increased stabilized with each booster, rapidly plateaued, maintaining remarkable stability CD4+ CD8+ subsets. Notably, approximately 30% participants showed reactivity to non-Spike antigens, consistent asymptomatic Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed diverse landscape phenotypes, no evidence exhaustion or significant functional impairment. However, qualitative changes were infection, exhibiting unique immunological characteristics, including frequencies Th17-like cells GZMKhi/IFNR Remarkably, this group associated progressive increase regulatory cells, potentially indicating balanced response that may mitigate immunopathology. By regularly stimulating memory, boosters contribute stable enhanced response, which provide better protection against
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
1
Journal of Virology, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown
Опубликована: Март 3, 2025
ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic has greatly enhanced our understanding of CD8+ T cell immunity and their role in natural infection vaccine-induced protection. Rapid early SARS-CoV-2-specific responses have been associated with efficient viral clearance mild disease. Virus-specific can compensate for waning, morbidity-related, iatrogenic reduction humoral immunity. After or vaccination, memory cells are formed, which mount an recall response the event breakthrough help to protect from severe Due breadth ability target mainly highly conserved epitopes, also able cross-recognize epitopes variants, thus maintaining even after emergence evolution. In some cases, however, may contribute pathogenesis COVID-19. particular, delayed uncontrolled, e.g., nonspecific hyperactivated, cytotoxic linked poor outcomes. this minireview, we summarize tremendous knowledge about SARS-CoV-2 vaccination that gained over past 5 years, while highlighting critical gaps remain.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
1
EBioMedicine, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 105, С. 105203 - 105203
Опубликована: Июнь 18, 2024
Hybrid immunity to SARS-CoV-2, resulting from both vaccination and natural infection, remains insufficiently understood in paediatric populations, despite increasing rates of breakthrough infections among vaccinated children.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
3
Communications Medicine, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 5(1)
Опубликована: Май 15, 2025
Abstract Background High spike-based vaccine coverage led to a high seroprevalence of anti-spike (S) antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in Japanese adults 2024. Nevertheless, the COVID-19 epidemic continues, and individuals with hybrid immunity are becoming more common these populations. Methods We conducted prospective cohort study measure serum anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels 4496 as part national seroepidemiological survey. This evaluated correlation between first-visit their effectiveness providing protection until second visit during Omicron BA.5 epidemic. Results Reduced symptomatic infection risk was found be associated anti-S antibody, anti-nucleocapsid (N) neutralizing levels. However, reduced asymptomatic or limited. In contrast, higher anti-N were strongly linked risk. Furthermore, also re-infection immunity. Conclusion These observations highlight potential level correlate re-infection. The findings indicate that have distinct protective both beyond circulating viral strains, which antibodies.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
0
Vaccines, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 13(6), С. 607 - 607
Опубликована: Июнь 4, 2025
Background/Objectives: To evaluate how immune responses compare among ethnic groups approximately 2 years after receiving a third dose of COVID-19 vaccine (BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, ChAdOx1or BBIBP-CorV), we tested T cell and Spike-specific RBD-antibody titer, neutralized antibody titer levels utilizing Spectral Flow cytometry, ELISA, SARS-CoV-2 pseudotyped-based neutralization assays, respectively. Methods: Forty-four individuals from January–December 2023 were identified within the cohort classified into different backgrounds; Black (N = 13), Asian 14), Caucasian 17). We recognize that “Asian” group includes diverse subpopulations with distinct genetic environmental backgrounds, which could not be further stratified due to sample-size limitations. AIM+, CD4+, CD8+ assessed evaluated against variants, including ancestral Wuhan, Delta, multiple Omicron subvariants (B1.1529, BA2.86, BA.4/5, XBB.1). Alongside RBD-IgG neutralizing titers Wuhan. Spearman’s correlation analysis was utilized determine corelative relationships AIM+ CD4+ responses, as well titers. Results: Our results show robust comparable across all groups, significant positive between these two measurements. Significant differences observed in T-cell activation, participants exhibiting lower frequencies cells higher cytokine-producing (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2) compared group. Breakthrough infection status fully controlled may influence findings. Conclusion: Despite small sample size potential confounding by natural infections our long-time-span sampling, data suggest persistent cellular humoral immunity vaccination ethnicities, notable activation cytokine profile. These preliminary observations highlight need for larger, more detailed studies consider intra-ethnic diversity hybrid better understand responses.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
0
Frontiers in Immunology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 15
Опубликована: Дек. 9, 2024
Age-associated differences in the effect of repetitive vaccination, particularly on memory T-cell and B-cell responses, remain unclear. While older adults (aged ≥65 years) exhibited enhanced IgG responses following COVID-19 mRNA booster they produced fewer spike-specific circulating follicular helper T cells-1 than younger adults. Similarly, cytotoxic CD8
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
2