What is the Molecular Basis of Nonhost Resistance?

Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 33(11), С. 1253 - 1264

Опубликована: Авг. 18, 2020

This article is part of the Top 10 Unanswered Questions in MPMI invited review series. Nonhost resistance typically considered ability a plant species to repel all attempts pathogen colonize it and reproduce on it. Based this common definition, nonhost presumed be very durable and, thus, great interest for its potential use agriculture. Despite considerable research efforts, molecular basis type immunity remains nebulous. We here stress fact that “nonhost resistance” phenomenological rather than mechanistic concept comprises more facets considered. further argue essentially relies same genes pathways as other types immunity, which some may act bottlenecks particular pathogens given or under certain conditions. Thus, our view, frequently used term genes” misleading should avoided. Depending plant–pathogen combination, involve recognition effectors by host immune sensor proteins, might give rise shifts range expansions due evolutionary-conditioned gains losses respective armories. extent also defines ranges. In instances, immune-related can transferred across boost defense, resulting augmented disease resistance. discuss future routes deepening understanding confusing cautiously light holistic view immunity.

Язык: Английский

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The Arabidopsis active demethylase ROS1 cis-regulates defence genes by erasing DNA methylation at promoter-regulatory regions

eLife, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 10

Опубликована: Янв. 20, 2021

Active DNA demethylation has emerged as an important regulatory process of plant and mammalian immunity. However, very little is known about the mechanisms by which active controls transcriptional immune reprogramming disease resistance. Here, we first show that Arabidopsis demethylase ROS1 promotes basal resistance towards Pseudomonas syringae antagonizing RNA-directed methylation (RdDM). Furthermore, demonstrate facilitates flagellin-triggered induction gene RMG1 limiting RdDM at 3' boundary a transposable element (TE)-derived repeat embedded in its promoter. We further identify flagellin-responsive putative primary targets subset promoters, erases discrete regions exhibiting WRKY transcription factors (TFs) binding. In particular, removes orphan receptor RLP43 promoter, to ensure binding TFs. Finally, ROS1-directed promoters causal for both flagellin responsiveness these genes Overall, findings significantly advance our understanding how demethylases shape enable antibacterial

Язык: Английский

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Epigenetics: a catalyst of plant immunity against pathogens

New Phytologist, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 233(1), С. 66 - 83

Опубликована: Авг. 29, 2021

Summary The plant immune system protects against pests and diseases. recognition of stress‐related molecular patterns triggers localised responses, which are often followed by longer‐lasting systemic priming and/or up‐regulation defences. In some cases, this induced resistance (IR) can be transmitted to following generations. Such transgenerational IR is gradually reversed in the absence stress at a rate that proportional severity disease experienced previous This review outlines mechanisms epigenetic responses pathogen infection shape across expanding time scales. We cis ‐ trans ‐acting stress‐inducible changes transposable elements (TEs) regulate genome‐wide defence gene expression draw particular attention one regulatory model supported recent evidence about function AGO1 H2A.Z transcriptional control genes. Additionally, we explore how stress‐induced mobilisation epigenetically controlled TEs acts as catalyst Darwinian evolution generating (epi)genetic diversity environmentally responsive raises questions long‐term evolutionary consequences diversification relation long‐held dichotomy between Lamarckian evolution.

Язык: Английский

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More stories to tell: NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS‐RELATED GENES1, a salicylic acid receptor

Plant Cell & Environment, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 44(6), С. 1716 - 1727

Опубликована: Янв. 26, 2021

Abstract Salicylic acid (SA) plays pivotal role in plant defense against biotrophic and hemibiotrophic pathogens. Tremendous progress has been made the field of SA biosynthesis signaling pathways over past three decades. Among key immune players pathway, NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS‐RELATED GENES1 (NPR1) functions as a master regulator SA‐mediated defense. The function NPR1 an receptor controversial; however, after years arguments among several laboratories, finally proven one receptors. is strictly regulated via post‐translational modifications transcriptional regulation that were recently found. More recent advances biology, including novel structure proteins, have brought this forward immensely. Therefore, based on these discoveries, review acts to provide full picture how immunity gene protein are at multiple levels. Finally, we also discuss potential challenges future studies pathway.

Язык: Английский

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The clubroot pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae: A profile update

Molecular Plant Pathology, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 24(2), С. 89 - 106

Опубликована: Ноя. 29, 2022

Abstract Background Plasmodiophora brassicae is the causal agent of clubroot disease cruciferous plants and one biggest threats to rapeseed ( Brassica napus ) brassica vegetable industry worldwide. Disease symptoms In advanced stages wilting, stunting, yellowing, redness are visible in shoots. However, typical presence club‐shaped galls roots susceptible hosts that block absorption water nutrients. Host range Members family Brassicaceae primary host pathogen, although some members family, such as Bunias orientalis , Coronopus squamatus Raphanus sativus have been identified being consistently resistant P. isolates with variable virulence profile. Taxonomy Class: Phytomyxea; Order: Plasmodiophorales; Family: Plasmodiophoraceae; Genus: ; Species: (Woronin, 1877). Distribution Clubroot spread worldwide, reports from all continents except Antarctica. To date, has reported more than 80 countries. Pathotyping Based on its different hosts, classified into pathotypes or races. Five main pathotyping systems developed understand relationship between hosts. Nowadays, Canadian differential extensively used Canada so far 36 based response a set 13 Effectors resistance After identification characterization pathogen SABATH‐type methyltransferase PbBSMT, several other effectors characterized. no avirulence gene known, hindering functional five intercellular nucleotide‐binding (NB) site leucine‐rich‐repeat (LRR) receptors (NLRs) genes validated date. Important Link Canola Council constantly updating information about part their Encyclopedia: https://www.canolacouncil.org/canola‐encyclopedia/diseases/clubroot/ . Phytosanitary categorization PLADBR: EPPO A2 list; Annex designation 9E.

Язык: Английский

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Resistance genes on the verge of plant–virus interaction

Trends in Plant Science, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 27(12), С. 1242 - 1252

Опубликована: Июль 25, 2022

Язык: Английский

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The N-terminal domains of NLR immune receptors exhibit structural and functional similarities across divergent plant lineages

The Plant Cell, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 36(7), С. 2491 - 2511

Опубликована: Апрель 10, 2024

Abstract Nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins are a prominent class of intracellular immune receptors in plants. However, our understanding plant NLR structure function is limited to the evolutionarily young flowering clade. Here, we describe an extended spectrum diversity across divergent lineages demonstrate structural functional similarities N-terminal domains that trigger responses. We show broadly distributed coiled-coil (CC) toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) families nonflowering plants retain immune-related functions through translineage activation cell death angiosperm Nicotiana benthamiana. further examined CC subfamily specific uncovered essential MAEPL motif functionally comparable with motifs resistosome-forming CC-NLRs. Consistent conserved role immunity, ectopic CCMAEPL liverwort Marchantia polymorpha led profound growth inhibition, defense gene activation, signatures death. Moreover, comparative transcriptomic analyses activity delineated common CC-mediated program shared Collectively, findings highlight ancestral nature NLR-mediated immunity during evolution dates its origin at least ∼500 million years ago.

Язык: Английский

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A trade-off between investment in molecular defense repertoires and growth in plants

Science, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 386(6722), С. 677 - 680

Опубликована: Ноя. 7, 2024

Given the negative fitness effects that pathogens impose on their hosts, benefits of resistance should be universal. However, there is marked variation across plant species in number nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors, which form a cornerstone defense. The growth-defense trade-off hypothesis predicts costs associated with defense investment to generate these traits. Our analysis comparing features intracellular immune-receptor repertoires trait data 187 shows wild plants, size molecular repertoire correlates negatively growth. By contrast, we do not find evidence for agricultural plants. cross-species approach highlights central role shaping ecological and its sensitivity domestication.

Язык: Английский

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Functional Divergence of Plant‐Derived Thaumatin‐Like Protein Genes in Two Closely Related Whitefly Species

Advanced Science, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Фев. 28, 2025

Abstract The recent discovery that various insects have acquired functional genes through horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has prompted numerous studies into this puzzling and fascinating phenomenon. So far, horizontally transferred are found to be functionally conserved largely retained their ancestral functions. It evidently not yet been considered may evolve can contribute divergence between species. Here, it is first showed the genomes of two widespread agriculturally important whiteflies Trialeurodes vaporariorum Bemisia tabaci both contain a plant‐derived thaumatin‐like protein ( TLP ) gene, but with highly distinct functions in these closely related pests. In T. , maintained function similar plant donor, acting as an antimicrobial resist fungal infection; sharp contrast, B. evolved effector suppresses defense responses. These findings reveal as‐yet undescribed scenario cross‐species differentiation suggest HGT‐mediated evolutionary novelty ecotypic even speciation.

Язык: Английский

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The Ubiquitin Switch in Plant Stress Response

Plants, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 10(2), С. 246 - 246

Опубликована: Янв. 27, 2021

Ubiquitin is a 76 amino acid polypeptide common to all eukaryotic organisms. It functions as post-translationally modifying mark covalently linked large cohort of yet poorly defined protein substrates. The resulting ubiquitylated proteins can rapidly change their activities, cellular localization, or turnover through the 26S proteasome if they are no longer needed abnormal. Such selective modification essential many signal transduction pathways particularly in those related stress responses by enhancing quenching output. Hence, this system, so-called ubiquitin-26S system (UPS), has caught attention plant research community over last two decades for its roles abiotic and biotic responses. Through direct indirect mediation hormones, UPS selectively degrades key components signaling either negatively positively regulate response given stimulus. As result, tightly regulated network become much interest years. ever-increasing changes global climate require both development new crops cope with rapid changing environment knowledge survey dynamics ecosystem. This review examines how ubiquitin switch tune poses potential avenues further explore system.

Язык: Английский

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