Individual
differences
in
size,
experience,
and
task
specialization
natural
swarms
often
result
heterogeneity
hierarchy,
facilitating
efficient
coordinated
accomplishment.
Drawing
inspiration
from
this
phenomenon,
a
general
strategy
is
proposed
for
organizing
magnetic
micro/nanorobots
(MNRs)
with
apparent
shape,
properties
into
cohesive
microswarms
tunable
heterogeneity,
controlled
spatial
collaborative
tasking
capability.
In
strategy,
disparate
MNRs
can
be
manipulated
to
show
reversible
transitions
between
synchronization
desynchronization
by
elaborately
regulating
parameter
sets
of
the
rotating
field.
Utilizing
these
transitions,
alongside
local
robust
hydrodynamic
interactions,
diverse
heterospecific
pairings
organized
heterogeneous
microswarms,
their
organization
dynamically
adjusted
egalitarian
leader-follower-like
hierarchies
on
fly,
both
open
space
complex
microchannels.
Furthermore,
when
specializing
distinct
functions
("division
labor")
such
as
sensing
drug
carrying,
they
execute
precise
delivery
targeting
unknown
sites
sensing-navigating-cargo
dropping
sequence,
demonstrating
significant
potential
tumor
treatment.
These
findings
highlight
critical
roles
attribute
hierarchical
designing
swarming
biomedical
applications.
Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
10
Опубликована: Сен. 16, 2022
Traditional
drug
delivery
systems
opened
the
gate
for
tumor-targeted
therapy,
but
they
generally
took
advantage
of
enhanced
permeability
and
retention
or
ligand-receptor
mediated
interaction,
thus
suffered
from
limited
recognition
range
(<0.5
nm)
low
targeting
efficiency
(0.7%,
median).
Alternatively,
micro/nanorobots
(MNRs)
may
act
as
emerging
“motile-targeting”
platforms
to
deliver
therapeutic
payloads,
thereby
making
a
giant
step
toward
effective
safe
cancer
treatment
due
their
autonomous
movement
navigation
in
biological
media.
This
review
focuses
on
most
recent
developments
MNRs
delivery.
After
brief
introduction
traditional
strategies
various
MNRs,
representative
applications
are
systematically
streamlined
terms
propelling
mechanisms.
Following
discussion
current
challenges
each
type
MNR
biomedical
applications,
well
future
prospects,
several
promising
designs
that
could
benefit
proposed.
work
is
expected
attract
motivate
researchers
different
communities
advance
creation
practical
application
platforms.
Advanced Materials,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
36(1)
Опубликована: Окт. 6, 2023
Abstract
In
the
past
decade,
micro‐
and
nanomachines
(MNMs)
have
made
outstanding
achievements
in
fields
of
targeted
drug
delivery,
tumor
therapy,
microsurgery,
biological
detection,
environmental
monitoring
remediation.
Researchers
significant
efforts
to
accelerate
rapid
development
MNMs
capable
moving
through
fluids
by
means
different
energy
sources
(chemical
reactions,
ultrasound,
light,
electricity,
magnetism,
heat,
or
their
combinations).
However,
motion
is
primarily
investigated
confined
two‐dimensional
(2D)
horizontal
setups.
Furthermore,
three‐dimensional
(3D)
control
remains
challenging,
especially
for
vertical
movement
control,
significantly
limiting
its
potential
applications
cargo
transportation,
remediation,
biotherapy.
Hence,
an
urgent
need
develop
that
can
overcome
self‐gravity
controllably
move
3D
spaces.
This
review
delves
into
latest
progress
with
capabilities
under
manipulation
approaches,
discusses
underlying
mechanisms,
explores
design
concepts
inspired
nature
controllable
MNMs,
presents
available
observation
tracking
systems.
Trends in biotechnology,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
42(4), С. 479 - 495
Опубликована: Ноя. 13, 2023
The
eradication
of
drug-resistant
microbial
biofilms
remains
an
unresolved
global
health
challenge.
Small-scale
robotics
are
providing
innovative
therapeutic
and
diagnostic
approaches
with
high
precision
efficacy.
These
rapidly
moving
from
proof-of-concept
studies
to
translational
biomedical
applications
using
ex
vivo,
animal,
clinical
models.
Here,
we
discuss
the
fundamental
aspects
how
microrobots
target
infection
sites
disrupt
structural
functional
traits
their
antimicrobial
resistance
mechanisms.
We
emphasize
current
mechanochemical
disruption
on-site
drug
delivery
that
supported
by
in
vivo
models
preclinical
testing,
while
also
highlighting
diagnostics
potential.
translation
challenges
provide
perspectives
for
development
microrobotics
combat
biofilm
infections
biofouling
humans.
Individual
differences
in
size,
experience,
and
task
specialization
natural
swarms
often
result
heterogeneity
hierarchy,
facilitating
efficient
coordinated
accomplishment.
Drawing
inspiration
from
this
phenomenon,
a
general
strategy
is
proposed
for
organizing
magnetic
micro/nanorobots
(MNRs)
with
apparent
shape,
properties
into
cohesive
microswarms
tunable
heterogeneity,
controlled
spatial
collaborative
tasking
capability.
In
strategy,
disparate
MNRs
can
be
manipulated
to
show
reversible
transitions
between
synchronization
desynchronization
by
elaborately
regulating
parameter
sets
of
the
rotating
field.
Utilizing
these
transitions,
alongside
local
robust
hydrodynamic
interactions,
diverse
heterospecific
pairings
organized
heterogeneous
microswarms,
their
organization
dynamically
adjusted
egalitarian
leader-follower-like
hierarchies
on
fly,
both
open
space
complex
microchannels.
Furthermore,
when
specializing
distinct
functions
("division
labor")
such
as
sensing
drug
carrying,
they
execute
precise
delivery
targeting
unknown
sites
sensing-navigating-cargo
dropping
sequence,
demonstrating
significant
potential
tumor
treatment.
These
findings
highlight
critical
roles
attribute
hierarchical
designing
swarming
biomedical
applications.
