Environmental Science & Technology,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
57(48), С. 20304 - 20314
Опубликована: Ноя. 18, 2023
Organophosphite
antioxidants
(OPAs)
have
been
seriously
neglected
as
potential
sources
of
organophosphate
esters
(OPEs)
in
environments.
This
study
utilizes
a
modeling
approach
to
quantify
for
the
first
time
national
emissions
and
multimedia
distributions
triphenyl
phosphate
(TPHP)─a
well-known
flame
retardant─and
three
novel
OPEs:
tris(2,4-ditert-butylphenyl)
(AO168═O),
bis(2,4-ditert-butylphenyl)
pentaerythritol
diphosphate
(AO626═O2),
trisnonylphenol
(TNPP).
Emphasis
is
on
quantitative
assessment
OPA
source
China.
TPHP
has
1.1–9.7
times
higher
emission
(300
Mg/year
2019
with
half
from
sources)
than
AO168═O
(278
Mg/year),
AO626═O2
(53
TNPP
(32
but
predominant
environments
(63–79%)
except
freshwaters.
About
72–99%
studied
OPEs
are
emitted
via
air,
88–99%
ultimately
distributed
into
soils
major
sink.
OPA-source
contribute
9.5–57%
4.7–56%
masses
concentrations
(except
sediments)
different
media,
respectively.
Both
exhibit
high
overall
persistence
ranging
between
2
11
years.
Source
environmental
elevated
economically
developed
areas,
while
northern
where
precipitation
temperature
lower.
shows
significance
OPE
contamination,
which
supports
chemical
management
these
substances.
Environmental Science & Technology,
Год журнала:
2020,
Номер
54(19), С. 11706 - 11719
Опубликована: Сен. 11, 2020
Synthetic
phenolic
antioxidants
(SPAs)
are
widely
used
in
various
industrial
and
commercial
products
to
retard
oxidative
reactions
lengthen
product
shelf
life.
In
recent
years,
numerous
studies
have
been
conducted
on
the
environmental
occurrence,
human
exposure,
toxicity
of
SPAs.
Here,
we
summarize
current
understanding
these
issues
provide
recommendations
for
future
research
directions.
SPAs
detected
matrices
including
indoor
dust,
outdoor
air
particulates,
sea
sediment,
river
water.
Recent
also
observed
occurrence
SPAs,
such
as
2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol
(BHT)
2,4-di-tert-butyl-phenol
(DBP),
humans
(fat
tissues,
serum,
urine,
breast
milk,
fingernails).
addition
parent
compounds,
some
transformation
both
environment
humans.
Human
exposure
pathways
include
food
intake,
dust
ingestion,
use
personal
care
products.
For
breastfeeding
infants,
milk
may
be
an
important
pathway.
Toxicity
suggest
cause
hepatic
toxicity,
endocrine
disrupting
effects,
or
even
carcinogenic.
The
effects
likely
worse
than
those
compound.
example,
2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-benzoquinone
(BHT-Q)
can
DNA
damage
at
low
concentrations.
Future
should
investigate
contamination
behaviors
novel
high
molecular
weight
coexposure
several
infants.
develop
with
migration
ability,
decreasing
potential
pollution.
Environmental Science & Technology,
Год журнала:
2021,
Номер
56(11), С. 6914 - 6921
Опубликована: Сен. 22, 2021
The
wide
use
and
continuous
abrasion
of
rubber-related
products
appears
to
be
leading
an
incredible
release
p-phenylenediamine
(PPD)
antioxidants
in
the
environment.
However,
no
related
research
has
been
conducted
on
pollution
characteristics
potential
health
risks
PM2.5-bound
PPDs.
We
report
for
first
time
ubiquitous
distributions
six
emerging
PPDs
a
quinone
derivative,
N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine
(6PPDQ),
PM2.5
from
urban
areas
China.
Atmospheric
contamination
levels
were
found
mostly
pg
m–3
amounts
between
2018
2019.
Urban
vehicle
rubber
tire
was
probably
contribute
accounted
their
significant
spatiotemporal-dependent
concentration
variations.
Furthermore,
6PPDQ,
oxidation
product
6PPD
environment,
quantified
(pg
m–3)
with
total
detection
rate
81%
PM2.5,
demonstrating
its
broad
existence.
On
basis
determined
ambient
concentrations,
annual
intakes
6PPDQ
adults
not
low,
indicating
possible
human
induced
by
long-term
exposure.
This
study
confirms
widespread
occurrence
showing
that
such
compounds
air
should
underestimated.
Environmental Science & Technology,
Год журнала:
2021,
Номер
55(9), С. 5836 - 5847
Опубликована: Апрель 23, 2021
Current
environmental
monitoring
studies
are
generally
confined
to
several
target
organophosphate
esters
(OPEs),
and
there
is
a
lack
of
strategies
for
comprehensively
screening
all
potential
OPEs
in
samples.
Here,
an
effective
accurate
strategy
was
developed
the
target,
suspect,
functional
group-dependent
by
use
ultrahigh-performance
liquid
chromatography-Q
Exactive
hybrid
quadrupole-Orbitrap
high-resolution
mass
spectrometry
(UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap
HRMS),
this
applied
analysis
n
=
74
sediment
samples
(including
23
surface
51
core
samples)
collected
from
Taihu
Lake
(eastern
China)
2019.
In
these
analyzed
samples,
we
successfully
identified
35
OPEs,
them
were
reported
region
first
time.
addition,
also
presented
other
interesting
findings,
i.e.,
(1)
OPE
concentrations
decreased
with
increasing
distance
coast
lake;
(2)
newly
3-hydroxyphenyl
diphenyl
phosphate
(meta-OH-TPHP)
not
statistically
significantly
correlated
triphenyl
(TPHP;
r
0.02494,
p
0.9101)
but
resorcinol
bis(diphenyl
phosphate)
(RDP)
(r
0.9271,
<
0.0001)
three
OPEs;
(3)
summed
aryl
(∑arylOPEs)
exhibited
trends
as
depth
decreased.
Collectively,
study
provided
that
comprehensive
sediments
Lake,
could
have
promising
be
extended
matrices
or
Environmental Science & Technology,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
58(14), С. 6402 - 6414
Опубликована: Март 28, 2024
Limited
knowledge
on
the
structure
of
emerging
organophosphorus
compounds
(OPCs)
hampers
our
comprehensive
understanding
their
environmental
occurrence
and
potential
risks.
Through
suspect
nontarget
screening,
combining
data-dependent
acquisition,
data-independent
parallel
reaction
monitoring
modes,
we
identified
60
OPCs
(17
traditional
43
compounds)
in
effluents
14
wastewater
treatment
plants
(WWTPs)
Beijing
Qinghai,
China.
These
comprise
26
organophosphate
triesters,
17
diesters,
6
organophosphonates,
7
organothiophosphate
esters,
4
other
OPCs.
Notably,
were
newly
WWTP
effluents,
16
discovered
matrices.
Specifically,
cyclic
phosphonate,
(5-ethyl-2-methyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-5-yl)methyl
dimethyl
phosphonate
P-oxide
(PMMMPn),
consistently
appeared
all
with
semiquantitative
concentrations
ranging
from
44.4
to
282
ng/L.
Its
analogue,
di-PMMMPn,
presented
93%
samples.
Compositional
differences
between
two
cities
mainly
attributed
Hazard
ecological
risk
assessment
underscored
substantial
contribution
chlorinated
esters
overall
risks
effluents.
This
study
provides
most
OPC
profiles
date,
highlighting
need
for
further
research
occurrence,
fate,
risks,
particularly
Environmental Science & Technology,
Год журнала:
2021,
Номер
55(11), С. 7398 - 7406
Опубликована: Март 23, 2021
Organophosphite
antioxidants
(OPAs)
are
important
auxiliary
used
in
plastic
polymers
and
can
be
oxidized
to
organophosphate
esters
(OPEs)
during
production
processing.
In
this
work,
the
occurrence
of
OPAs
OPEs
farmlands
with
or
without
mulch
film
applications
was
investigated.
Six
five
were
detected,
median
concentrations
2.66
ng/g
(∑6OPAs)
100
(∑5OPEs)
film-mulching
soil
1.16
47.9
nonfilm-mulching
soil,
respectively.
The
oxidative
derivative
AO168
(tris
(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)
phosphite),
a
typical
OPA,
AO168═O
phosphate)
frequently
detected
at
0–731
ng/g,
which
is
much
higher
than
that
commercial
(0–12.1
ng/g).
This
suggests
oxidation
derivatives
(OPAs═O)
might
OPE
contaminants
soils.
Mulch
films
could
their
source.
According
simulation
migration
experiment,
emission
risk
ranges
from
soils
China
estimated
3.96–87.6
10.5–95.3
tons/year,
respectively,
those
sewage
sludge
applications.
Simulation
experiments
also
demonstrated
major
pathway
for
small
substituent
groups
potential
sources
diesters.
For
first
time,
serious
pollution
OPAs═O
has
been
reported,
have
identified
as
Environmental Science & Technology,
Год журнала:
2021,
Номер
56(1), С. 302 - 312
Опубликована: Дек. 13, 2021
There
is
a
dearth
of
information
regarding
the
pollution
status
emerging
organophosphate
esters
(OPEs)
in
wild
fish.
Here,
we
optimized
and
validated
quick,
easy,
cheap,
effective,
rugged,
safe
(QuEChERS)
pretreatment
method,
which
was
further
applied
for
target,
suspect,
nontarget
screening
OPEs
n
=
48
samples
fishes
from
Taihu
Lake
(eastern
China).
This
integrated
technique
allows
us
to
fully
identify
20
OPEs,
9
out
them
are
detected
fish
first
time.
Importantly,
some
i.e.,
tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)
phosphate
(TDtBPP),
4-tert-butylphenyl
diphenyl
(BPDP),
2-isopropylphenyl
(IPDP),
exhibited
greater
or
at
least
comparable
contamination
levels
as
compared
traditional
ones.
were
no
statistically
significant
interspecies
(n
6)
differences
OPE
concentrations.
However,
observed
on
concentrations
among
different
tissues
silver
carp
(Hypophthalmichthys
molitrix),
intestine
has
highest
mean
concentration
(46.5
ng/g
wet
weight
(ww)),
followed
by
liver
(20.1
ww)
≈
brain
(20.0
>
gill
(14.8
muscle
(11.4
ww).
An
interesting
exception
IPDP,
presents
an
unexpectedly
high
(0.510
Collectively,
this
study
expands
our
understanding
clearly
shows
that
TDtBPP,
BPDP
could
play
equally
important
role
contribution
samples.
Environment International,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
168, С. 107443 - 107443
Опубликована: Июль 30, 2022
By
use
of
an
integrated
target,
suspect,
and
non-target
screening
strategy,
we
investigated
occurrence
spatial
distribution
organophosphate
esters
(OPEs)
in
four
types
water
(drinking
resource
water,
surface
groundwater,
seawater)
collected
from
Jiangsu
Province
(China)
2021
(n
=
111).
Eighteen
out
23
target
OPEs
were
detectable
at
least
once
these
analyzed
samples,
the
total
concentrations
(Σ18OPEs)
various
samples
exhibited
a
descending
order
following
as:
groundwater
(67026
ng/L)
>
(35803
drinking
(21055
seawater
(17820
ng/L).
The
highest
concentration
detected
may
be
ascribed
to
pollution
surrounding
factories.
Among
OPEs,
triethyl
phosphate
(TEP),
tris(chloroethyl)
(TCEP),
tris
(1-chloro-2-propyl)
(TCIPP)
most
abundant
congeners
with
average
407
ng/L,
143
475
respectively.
Besides
18
further
identified
17
suspect
(3
them
fully
by
authentic
standards)
on
basis
in-house
OPE
database,
2
organophosphates
(OPs)
feature
fragments.
One
OPs
was
as
bis(2-chloroethyl)
2-chloroethylphosphonate
(B2CE2CEPP)
matching
retention
time
MS/MS
data
standard,
other
one
preliminarily
2,4,8,10-tetra-tert-butyl-6-methoxydibenzo[d,f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepin-6-one
(TTBMDBDOPPO).
We
also
observed
that
B2CE2CEPP
shared
similar
structure
TCEP,
suggesting
they
have
toxicological
characteristics
commercial
sources.
ecological
human
health
risk
assessments
indicated
all
posed
low
or
negligible
aquatic
organisms
(algae,
crustacean,
fish),
except
for
trimethyl
(TMP)
water.