Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants: A Review of Environmental Occurrence, Fate, Human Exposure, and Toxicity

Environmental Science & Technology, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 54(19), С. 11706 - 11719

Опубликована: Сен. 11, 2020

Synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) are widely used in various industrial and commercial products to retard oxidative reactions lengthen product shelf life. In recent years, numerous studies have been conducted on the environmental occurrence, human exposure, toxicity of SPAs. Here, we summarize current understanding these issues provide recommendations for future research directions. SPAs detected matrices including indoor dust, outdoor air particulates, sea sediment, river water. Recent also observed occurrence SPAs, such as 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) 2,4-di-tert-butyl-phenol (DBP), humans (fat tissues, serum, urine, breast milk, fingernails). addition parent compounds, some transformation both environment humans. Human exposure pathways include food intake, dust ingestion, use personal care products. For breastfeeding infants, milk may be an important pathway. Toxicity suggest cause hepatic toxicity, endocrine disrupting effects, or even carcinogenic. The effects likely worse than those compound. example, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-benzoquinone (BHT-Q) can DNA damage at low concentrations. Future should investigate contamination behaviors novel high molecular weight coexposure several infants. develop with migration ability, decreasing potential pollution.

Язык: Английский

---

p-Phenylenediamine Antioxidants in PM_2.5: The Underestimated Urban Air Pollutants

Environmental Science & Technology, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 56(11), С. 6914 - 6921

Опубликована: Сен. 22, 2021

The wide use and continuous abrasion of rubber-related products appears to be leading an incredible release p-phenylenediamine (PPD) antioxidants in the environment. However, no related research has been conducted on pollution characteristics potential health risks PM2.5-bound PPDs. We report for first time ubiquitous distributions six emerging PPDs a quinone derivative, N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPDQ), PM2.5 from urban areas China. Atmospheric contamination levels were found mostly pg m–3 amounts between 2018 2019. Urban vehicle rubber tire was probably contribute accounted their significant spatiotemporal-dependent concentration variations. Furthermore, 6PPDQ, oxidation product 6PPD environment, quantified (pg m–3) with total detection rate 81% PM2.5, demonstrating its broad existence. On basis determined ambient concentrations, annual intakes 6PPDQ adults not low, indicating possible human induced by long-term exposure. This study confirms widespread occurrence showing that such compounds air should underestimated.

Язык: Английский

---

Establishment of a Target, Suspect, and Functional Group-Dependent Screening Strategy for Organophosphate Esters (OPEs): “Into the Unknown” of OPEs in the Sediment of Taihu Lake, China

Environmental Science & Technology, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 55(9), С. 5836 - 5847

Опубликована: Апрель 23, 2021

Current environmental monitoring studies are generally confined to several target organophosphate esters (OPEs), and there is a lack of strategies for comprehensively screening all potential OPEs in samples. Here, an effective accurate strategy was developed the target, suspect, functional group-dependent by use ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-Q Exactive hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS), this applied analysis n = 74 sediment samples (including 23 surface 51 core samples) collected from Taihu Lake (eastern China) 2019. In these analyzed samples, we successfully identified 35 OPEs, them were reported region first time. addition, also presented other interesting findings, i.e., (1) OPE concentrations decreased with increasing distance coast lake; (2) newly 3-hydroxyphenyl diphenyl phosphate (meta-OH-TPHP) not statistically significantly correlated triphenyl (TPHP; r 0.02494, p 0.9101) but resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) (RDP) (r 0.9271, < 0.0001) three OPEs; (3) summed aryl (∑arylOPEs) exhibited trends as depth decreased. Collectively, study provided that comprehensive sediments Lake, could have promising be extended matrices or

Язык: Английский

---

Discovering Novel Organophosphorus Compounds in Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluents through Suspect Screening and Nontarget Analysis

Environmental Science & Technology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 58(14), С. 6402 - 6414

Опубликована: Март 28, 2024

Limited knowledge on the structure of emerging organophosphorus compounds (OPCs) hampers our comprehensive understanding their environmental occurrence and potential risks. Through suspect nontarget screening, combining data-dependent acquisition, data-independent parallel reaction monitoring modes, we identified 60 OPCs (17 traditional 43 compounds) in effluents 14 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) Beijing Qinghai, China. These comprise 26 organophosphate triesters, 17 diesters, 6 organophosphonates, 7 organothiophosphate esters, 4 other OPCs. Notably, were newly WWTP effluents, 16 discovered matrices. Specifically, cyclic phosphonate, (5-ethyl-2-methyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-5-yl)methyl dimethyl phosphonate P-oxide (PMMMPn), consistently appeared all with semiquantitative concentrations ranging from 44.4 to 282 ng/L. Its analogue, di-PMMMPn, presented 93% samples. Compositional differences between two cities mainly attributed Hazard ecological risk assessment underscored substantial contribution chlorinated esters overall risks effluents. This study provides most OPC profiles date, highlighting need for further research occurrence, fate, risks, particularly

Язык: Английский

---

Organophosphite Antioxidants in Mulch Films Are Important Sources of Organophosphate Pollutants in Farmlands

Environmental Science & Technology, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 55(11), С. 7398 - 7406

Опубликована: Март 23, 2021

Organophosphite antioxidants (OPAs) are important auxiliary used in plastic polymers and can be oxidized to organophosphate esters (OPEs) during production processing. In this work, the occurrence of OPAs OPEs farmlands with or without mulch film applications was investigated. Six five were detected, median concentrations 2.66 ng/g (∑6OPAs) 100 (∑5OPEs) film-mulching soil 1.16 47.9 nonfilm-mulching soil, respectively. The oxidative derivative AO168 (tris (2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite), a typical OPA, AO168═O phosphate) frequently detected at 0–731 ng/g, which is much higher than that commercial (0–12.1 ng/g). This suggests oxidation derivatives (OPAs═O) might OPE contaminants soils. Mulch films could their source. According simulation migration experiment, emission risk ranges from soils China estimated 3.96–87.6 10.5–95.3 tons/year, respectively, those sewage sludge applications. Simulation experiments also demonstrated major pathway for small substituent groups potential sources diesters. For first time, serious pollution OPAs═O has been reported, have identified as

Язык: Английский

---

High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Screening of Emerging Organophosphate Esters (OPEs) in Wild Fish: Occurrence, Species-Specific Difference, and Tissue-Specific Distribution

Environmental Science & Technology, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 56(1), С. 302 - 312

Опубликована: Дек. 13, 2021

There is a dearth of information regarding the pollution status emerging organophosphate esters (OPEs) in wild fish. Here, we optimized and validated quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe (QuEChERS) pretreatment method, which was further applied for target, suspect, nontarget screening OPEs n = 48 samples fishes from Taihu Lake (eastern China). This integrated technique allows us to fully identify 20 OPEs, 9 out them are detected fish first time. Importantly, some i.e., tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate (TDtBPP), 4-tert-butylphenyl diphenyl (BPDP), 2-isopropylphenyl (IPDP), exhibited greater or at least comparable contamination levels as compared traditional ones. were no statistically significant interspecies (n 6) differences OPE concentrations. However, observed on concentrations among different tissues silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), intestine has highest mean concentration (46.5 ng/g wet weight (ww)), followed by liver (20.1 ww) ≈ brain (20.0 > gill (14.8 muscle (11.4 ww). An interesting exception IPDP, presents an unexpectedly high (0.510 Collectively, this study expands our understanding clearly shows that TDtBPP, BPDP could play equally important role contribution samples.

Язык: Английский

---

Non-target screening and risk assessment of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in drinking water resource water, surface water, groundwater, and seawater

Environment International, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 168, С. 107443 - 107443

Опубликована: Июль 30, 2022

By use of an integrated target, suspect, and non-target screening strategy, we investigated occurrence spatial distribution organophosphate esters (OPEs) in four types water (drinking resource water, surface groundwater, seawater) collected from Jiangsu Province (China) 2021 (n = 111). Eighteen out 23 target OPEs were detectable at least once these analyzed samples, the total concentrations (Σ18OPEs) various samples exhibited a descending order following as: groundwater (67026 ng/L) > (35803 drinking (21055 seawater (17820 ng/L). The highest concentration detected may be ascribed to pollution surrounding factories. Among OPEs, triethyl phosphate (TEP), tris(chloroethyl) (TCEP), tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) (TCIPP) most abundant congeners with average 407 ng/L, 143 475 respectively. Besides 18 further identified 17 suspect (3 them fully by authentic standards) on basis in-house OPE database, 2 organophosphates (OPs) feature fragments. One OPs was as bis(2-chloroethyl) 2-chloroethylphosphonate (B2CE2CEPP) matching retention time MS/MS data standard, other one preliminarily 2,4,8,10-tetra-tert-butyl-6-methoxydibenzo[d,f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepin-6-one (TTBMDBDOPPO). We also observed that B2CE2CEPP shared similar structure TCEP, suggesting they have toxicological characteristics commercial sources. ecological human health risk assessments indicated all posed low or negligible aquatic organisms (algae, crustacean, fish), except for trimethyl (TMP) water.

Язык: Английский

---

Elevated concentration and high Diversity of organophosphate esters (OPEs) were Discovered in Sediment from Industrial, and E-Waste Recycling Areas

Water Research, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 217, С. 118362 - 118362

Опубликована: Март 25, 2022

Язык: Английский

---

Suspect and nontarget screening of known and unknown organophosphate esters (OPEs) in soil samples

Journal of Hazardous Materials, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 436, С. 129273 - 129273

Опубликована: Июнь 3, 2022

Язык: Английский

---

Dietary intake assessment of known and unknown organophosphate esters (OPEs) in foodstuffs via high-resolution mass spectrometry

The Science of The Total Environment, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 854, С. 158452 - 158452

Опубликована: Сен. 3, 2022

Язык: Английский

---