Abstract.
The
size
and
frequency
of
wildfires
in
the
western
United
States
have
been
increasing,
this
trend
is
projected
to
continue,
with
increasing
adverse
consequences
for
human
health.
Gas-
particle-phase
organic
compounds
are
main
components
wildfire
emissions.
Some
directly
emitted
hazardous
air
pollutants,
while
others
can
react
oxidants
form
secondary
pollutants
such
as
ozone
aerosol
(SOA).
Further,
particle
phase
volatize
during
smoke
transport
then
serve
precursors
SOA.
extent
pollutant
formation
from
emissions
dependent
part
on
speciation
compounds.
most
detailed
has
achieved
laboratory
studies,
though
recent
field
campaigns
leading
an
increase
measurements
field.
In
study,
we
identified
quantified
hundreds
gas-
conifer-dominated
US,
using
two
two-dimensional
gas
chromatography
coupled
time-of-flight
mass
spectrometry
(GCâÃâGC
ToF-MS)
instruments.
Observed
emission
factors
(EFs)
ratios
reported
four
wildfires.
As
demonstrated
previously,
modified
combustion
efficiency
(MCE)
was
a
good
predictor
EFs
(e.g.,
R2=0.78
0.84
sugars
terpenoids,
respectively),
except
elemental
carbon.
Higher
diterpenoids,
resin
acids,
monoterpenes
were
observed
relative
likely
due
distillation
unburned
heated
vegetation,
which
may
be
underrepresented
studies.
These
diterpenoids
acids
accounted
up
45â%
total
aerosol,
higher
than
contribution
sugar
derivatives.
low
volatility
makes
them
ideal
markers
conifer
fire
smoke.
speciated
also
show
that
evaporation
semi-volatile
took
place
plumes,
suggests
evaporated
primary
precursor
SOAs
plumes.
Environmental Science & Technology,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
57(39), С. 14648 - 14660
Опубликована: Сен. 13, 2023
The
frequency
of
wildfires
in
the
western
United
States
has
escalated
recent
decades.
Here
we
examine
impacts
on
ground-level
ozone
(O3)
precursors
and
O3-NOx-VOC
chemistry
from
source
to
downwind
urban
areas.
We
use
satellite
retrievals
nitrogen
dioxide
(NO2)
formaldehyde
(HCHO,
an
indicator
VOC)
Tropospheric
Monitoring
Instrument
(TROPOMI)
track
evolution
O3
over
California
2018
2020.
improved
these
by
updating
a
priori
profiles
explicitly
accounting
for
effects
smoke
aerosols.
TROPOMI
observations
reveal
that
extensive
intense
fire
2020
led
overall
increase
statewide
annual
average
HCHO
NO2
columns
16%
9%.
level
offsets
anthropogenic
NOx
emission
reduction
COVID-19
lockdown.
enhancement
within
plumes
is
concentrated
near
regions
actively
burning,
whereas
far-reaching,
extending
areas
due
secondary
production
longer-lived
VOCs
such
as
ethene.
Consequently,
larger
occurs
NOx-limited
regions,
while
greater
VOC-limited
areas,
both
contributing
more
efficient
production.
Environmental Science & Technology,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
57(48), С. 20085 - 20096
Опубликована: Ноя. 20, 2023
The
light
absorption
properties
of
brown
carbon
(BrC),
which
are
linked
to
molecular
chromophores,
may
play
a
significant
role
in
the
Earth's
energy
budget.
While
nitroaromatic
compounds
have
been
identified
as
strong
chromophores
wildfire-driven
BrC,
other
types
remain
be
investigated.
Given
electron-withdrawing
nature
carbonyls
ubiquitous
atmosphere,
we
characterized
carbonyl
BrC
samples
from
nighttime
oxidation
furan
and
pyrrole
derivatives,
important
but
understudied
precursors
secondary
organic
aerosols
primarily
found
wildfire
emissions.
Various
were
quantified
samples,
their
ultraviolet-visible
spectra
simulated
by
using
time-dependent
density
functional
theory.
Our
findings
suggest
that
with
bonded
nitrogen
(i.e.,
imides
amides)
derived
N-containing
heterocyclic
substantially
contribute
absorption.
contributed
over
40%
total
at
wavelengths
below
350
nm
above
430
BrC.
contributions
differed
significantly
wavelength,
highlighting
divergent
importance
different
wavelength
ranges.
Overall,
our
highlight
significance
underscore
need
for
further
investigation.
ACS Earth and Space Chemistry,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
8(5), С. 857 - 899
Опубликована: Апрель 8, 2024
Furanoids
are
a
class
of
reactive
volatile
organic
compounds
that
major
products
from
the
pyrolysis
and
combustion
biomass
polymers,
including
cellulose,
hemicellulose,
lignin.
Biomass
burning
is
an
atmospheric
source
furanoids
increasing
in
frequency
intensity
throughout
regions
world.
Once
emitted
to
atmosphere,
may
react
with
oxidants
form
secondary
pollutants
hazardous
human
health,
ozone
(O3)
aerosol
(SOA).
This
review
comprehensive
assessment
literature
between
1977
present
describing
emissions
fate
wild,
prescribed,
domestic
fires.
The
organized
by
presenting
physical
properties
key
first,
followed
summary
biopolymer
reactions
lead
furanoid
formation.
Next,
factors
compiled
across
typical
fuels
consumed
highlight
species
smoke.
We
next
available
kinetic
degradation
mechanism
data
characterize
reaction
rates,
gas-phase
products,
SOA
formed
as
result
OH,
NO3,
O3,
Cl
radicals.
then
describe
studies
have
focused
on
evaluating
chemistry
their
impacts
air
quality
using
combination
field
observations
model
simulations.
conclude
perspective
identifies
future
research
directions
would
address
gaps
improve
understanding
processes.
Environments,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
11(4), С. 63 - 63
Опубликована: Март 24, 2024
This
study
focuses
on
the
impact
of
wildfire
smoke
emissions
regional,
urban
air
quality
during
a
event.
We
measured
volatile
organic
compounds
(VOCs)
and
fine
particulate
matter
(PM2.5)
in
San
Francisco
Bay
Area
to
assess
event
compared
them
those
later
non-wildfire
period.
VOCs
were
collected
using
thermal
desorption
tubes
quantified
desorption-gas
chromatography/mass
spectrometry
(TD-GC/MS).
Elevated
concentrations
such
as
1,3,5-trimethylbenzene
(0.33
±
0.01
µg/m3),
benzene
(1.03
0.02
toluene
(2.15
0.04
ethylbenzene
(0.60
m,
p-xylene
(0.77
0.07
µg/m3)
observed
Compared
with
that
season,
concentration
period
was
more
than
three
times
concentration.
Similarly,
almost
four
higher,
p,
m-xylene
higher.
The
higher
levels
statistically
significant
for
sec-butylbenzene,
1,2,4-trimethylbenzene,
n-propylbenzene,
o-xylene,
styrene,
1,3,5-trimethylbenzene,
benzene,
toluene,
ethylbenzene,
p,m-xylene
(p
<
0.00001).
These
VOC
non-fire
may
potentially
pose
public
health
concern.
Open
face
passive
sampler
(OFPS)-collected
PM
analyzed
scanning
electron
microscopy/energy
dispersive
X-ray
spectroscopy
(SEM/EDS)
revealed
carbon
tar
balls.
highest
daily
average
beta-attenuation-monitored
PM2.5
fire
200
µg/m3
hourly
270
µg/m3.
Monitoring
gas
phase
species
addition
is
useful
season
inform
guidance.
Atmospheric chemistry and physics,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
22(15), С. 9877 - 9893
Опубликована: Авг. 3, 2022
Abstract.
The
size
and
frequency
of
wildfires
in
the
western
United
States
have
been
increasing,
this
trend
is
projected
to
continue,
with
increasing
adverse
consequences
for
human
health.
Gas-
particle-phase
organic
compounds
are
main
components
wildfire
emissions.
Some
directly
emitted
hazardous
air
pollutants,
while
others
can
react
oxidants
form
secondary
pollutants
such
as
ozone
aerosol
(SOA).
Further,
particle
phase
volatize
during
smoke
transport
then
serve
precursors
SOA.
extent
pollutant
formation
from
emissions
dependent
part
on
speciation
compounds.
most
detailed
has
achieved
laboratory
studies,
though
recent
field
campaigns
leading
an
increase
measurements
field.
In
study,
we
identified
quantified
hundreds
gas-
conifer-dominated
US,
using
two
two-dimensional
gas
chromatography
coupled
time-of-flight
mass
spectrometry
(GC
×
GC
ToF-MS)
instruments.
Observed
emission
factors
(EFs)
ratios
reported
four
wildfires.
As
demonstrated
previously,
modified
combustion
efficiency
(MCE)
was
a
good
predictor
EFs
(e.g.,
R2=0.78
0.84
sugars
terpenoids,
respectively),
except
elemental
carbon.
Higher
diterpenoids,
resin
acids,
monoterpenes
were
observed
relative
likely
due
distillation
unburned
heated
vegetation,
which
may
be
underrepresented
studies.
These
diterpenoids
acids
accounted
up
45
%
total
aerosol,
higher
than
contribution
sugar
derivatives.
low
volatility
makes
them
ideal
markers
conifer
fire
smoke.
speciated
also
show
that
evaporation
semi-volatile
took
place
plumes,
suggests
evaporated
primary
precursor
SOAs
plumes.
The Journal of Physical Chemistry A,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
126(46), С. 8674 - 8681
Опубликована: Ноя. 9, 2022
The
atmospheric
reaction
of
a
series
furan
compounds
(furan
(F),
2-methylfuran
(2-MF),
3-methylfuran
(3-MF),
2,5-dimethylfuran
(2,5-DMF),
and
2,3,5-trimethylfuran
(2,3,5-TMF))
with
nitrate
radical
(NO3)
has
been
investigated
using
the
relative
rate
kinetic
method
in
CHamber
for
Atmospheric
Reactivity
Metrology
Environment
(CHARME)
simulation
chamber
at
laboratoire
de
Physico-Chimie
l'Atmosphere
(LPCA)
laboratory
(Dunkerque,
France).
experiments
were
performed
(294
±
2)
K
pressure
under
dry
conditions
(relative
humidity,
RH
<
2%)
proton
transfer
mass
reaction–time
flight–mass
spectrometer
(PTR-ToF-MS)
chemical
analysis.
following
coefficients
(in
units
cm3
molecule–1
s–1)
determined:
furan,
k(F)
=
(1.51
0.38)
×
10–12,
2-methylfuran,
k(2-MF)
(1.91
0.32)
10–11,
3-methylfuran,
k(3-MF)
(1.49
0.33)
2,5-dimethylfuran,
k(2,5-DMF)
(5.82
1.21)
2,3,5-trimethylfuran,
k(2,3,5-TMF)
(1.66
0.69)
10–10.
uncertainty
on
measured
coefficient
(ΔkFC)
includes
both
measurement
that
reference
molecule.
To
our
knowledge,
this
work
represents
first
determination
2,3,5-TMF
NO3.
This
shows
between
methylated
is
dominant
removal
pathway
during
night
lifetimes
0.5
55
min
studied
molecules.
ACS ES&T Air,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
2(4), С. 476 - 485
Опубликована: Март 11, 2025
Direct
photolysis
as
a
potentially
important
chemical
loss
pathway
for
atmospheric
organic
aerosol
(OA)
is
increasingly
recognized
but
remains
highly
uncertain,
particularly
secondary
(SOA)
derived
from
biomass
burning
(BB)
precursors.
We
present
the
measurements
of
photolytic
mass
change
SOA
photooxidation
three
furan
precursors,
3-methylfuran,
2-methylfuran,
and
furfural,
in
an
environmental
chamber
under
both
dry
humid
conditions.
Each
type
was
collected
on
crystal
sensors,
losses
by
300
or
340
nm
light
were
continuously
monitored
using
quartz
microbalance
(QCM).
By
incorporation
modeling,
10-40%
masses
can
be
lost
direct
solar
radiation
over
their
typical
lifetime.
The
fraction
well
correlated
with
nitrogen-containing
compounds
(NOC)
SOA,
possibly
because
these
species
largely
enhance
absorption
cross
section
readily
undergo
photodissociation
UV
light.
Environmental Science & Technology,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Май 22, 2025
Furans
are
abundant
emissions
from
biomass
burning
that
can
react
with
gas-phase
oxidants
to
produce
secondary
organic
aerosol
(SOA).
might
also
aqueous
photooxidants,
such
as
singlet
molecular
oxygen
(1O2*),
form
SOA
(aqSOA),
but
this
has
not
been
studied.
To
investigate
the
reactivities
of
furans
and
their
potential
make
low-volatility
products,
we
first
measured
reaction
kinetics
for
17
furans.
The
resulting
second-order
rate
constants
vary
widely
chemical
substitution,
ranging
105
nearly
109
M-1
s-1.
Inorganic
salts
decrease
or
enhance
first-order
loss
by
oxygen.
whether
furan-1O2*
reactions
particulate
matter,
mass
yields
three
furans:
furoic
acid,
furfuryl
alcohol,
2-methylfuran-3,4-dicarboxylic
acid
(MFDCA).
span
a
huge
range,
values
∼0,
51,
125%,
respectively.
Finally,
estimated
rates
gas-
aqueous-SOA
formation
MFDCA
over
range
conditions,
cloud
fog
drops
liquid
water.
Results
suggest
highly
substituted
1O2*
could
be
significant
source
aqSOA
in
biomass-burning
plumes
triplet
excited
states
phenols
more
important.
