Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments and Air Quality (FIREX‐AQ)

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 128(2)

Опубликована: Дек. 30, 2022

Abstract The NOAA/NASA Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments and Air Quality (FIREX‐AQ) experiment was a multi‐agency, inter‐disciplinary research effort to: (a) obtain detailed measurements of trace gas aerosol emissions from wildfires prescribed fires using aircraft, satellites ground‐based instruments, (b) make extensive suborbital remote sensing fire dynamics, (c) assess local, regional, global modeling fires, (d) strengthen connections observables the ground such as fuels fuel consumption satellite products burned area radiative power. From Boise, ID western were studied with NASA DC‐8 two NOAA Twin Otter aircraft. high‐altitude ER‐2 deployed Palmdale, CA observe some these in conjunction overpasses other Further conducted three mobile laboratories sites, 17 different forecast analyses for fire, air quality climate implications. Salina, KS investigated 87 smaller Southeast in‐situ data collection. Sampling by all platforms designed measure gases aerosols multiple transects capture chemical transformation perform observations smoke plumes under day night conditions. linked consumed power orbital collected during overflights sampling fuels.

Язык: Английский

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Parameterizations of US wildfire and prescribed fire emission ratios and emission factors based on FIREX-AQ aircraft measurements

Atmospheric chemistry and physics, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 24(2), С. 929 - 956

Опубликована: Янв. 23, 2024

Abstract. Extensive airborne measurements of non-methane organic gases (NMOGs), methane, nitrogen oxides, reduced species, and aerosol emissions from US wild prescribed fires were conducted during the 2019 NOAA/NASA Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments Air Quality campaign (FIREX-AQ). Here, we report atmospheric enhancement ratios (ERs) inferred emission factors (EFs) for compounds measured board NASA DC-8 research aircraft nine wildfires one fire, which encompass a range vegetation types. We use photochemical proxies identify young smoke reduce effects chemical degradation our calculations. ERs EFs calculated FIREX-AQ observations agree within factor 2, with values reported previous laboratory field studies more than 80 % carbon- nitrogen-containing species. Wildfire are parameterized based correlations sum NMOGs reactive oxides (NOy) modified combustion efficiency (MCE) as well other signatures indicative flaming/smoldering combustion, including carbon monoxide (CO), dioxide (NO2), black aerosol. The primary NMOG correlates MCE an R2 0.68 slope −296 ± 51 g kg−1, consistent studies. mixing CO 0.98 137 4 ppbv per parts million by volume (ppmv) CO, demonstrating that can be estimated CO. Individual species correlate better NO2, NOy, More half NOy in fresh plumes is NO2 0.95 ratio 0.55 0.05 ppbv−1, highlighting fast photochemistry had already occurred sampled fire plumes. follows trends observed experiments increases exponentially MCE, due increased key at higher flaming combustion. These parameterizations will provide accurate boundary conditions modeling satellite plume chemistry evolution predict downwind formation secondary pollutants, ozone

Язык: Английский

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Impact of Biomass Burning Organic Aerosol Volatility on Smoke Concentrations Downwind of Fires

Environmental Science & Technology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 57(44), С. 17011 - 17021

Опубликована: Окт. 24, 2023

Biomass burning particulate matter (BBPM) affects regional air quality and global climate, with impacts expected to continue grow over the coming years. We show that studies of North American fires have a systematic altitude dependence in measured BBPM normalized excess mixing ratio (NEMR; ΔPM/ΔCO), airborne high-altitude showing factor 2 higher NEMR than ground-based measurements. report direct measurements volatility partially explain difference observed across platforms. find when heated 40-45 °C an thermal denuder, 19% lofted smoke PM1 evaporates. Thermal denuder are consistent evaporation single plume was sampled range temperatures as descended from 4 km altitude. also demonstrate chemical aging differences PM emission factors can not fully platform-dependent differences. When is applied output High Resolution Rapid Refresh Smoke model, we predict lower at surface compared by aircraft. These results emphasize significant role gas-particle partitioning plays determining wildfire smoke.

Язык: Английский

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Dark brown carbon from biomass burning contributes to significant global-scale positive forcing

One Earth, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown, С. 101205 - 101205

Опубликована: Фев. 1, 2025

Язык: Английский

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Biomass burning nitrogen dioxide emissions derived from space with TROPOMI: methodology and validation

Atmospheric measurement techniques, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 14(12), С. 7929 - 7957

Опубликована: Дек. 21, 2021

Abstract. Smoke from wildfires is a significant source of air pollution, which can adversely impact quality and ecosystems downwind. With the recently increasing intensity severity wildfires, threat to expected increase. Satellite-derived biomass burning emissions fill in gaps absence aircraft or ground-based measurement campaigns help improve online calculation as well inventories that feed models. This study focuses on satellite-derived NOx using high-spatial-resolution TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) NO2 dataset. Advancements improvements satellite-based determination forest fire are discussed, including information plume height effects aerosol scattering absorption satellite-retrieved vertical column densities. Two common top-down emission estimation methods, (1) an exponentially modified Gaussian (EMG) (2) flux method, applied synthetic data determine accuracy sensitivity different parameters, wind fields, satellite sampling, noise, lifetime, spread. These tests show be accurately estimated single TROPOMI overpasses. The effect smoke aerosols columns (via mass factors, AMFs) estimated, these estimates compared observations four measuring plumes 2018 2019 North America. Our results indicate applying explicit correction improves agreement with (by about 10 %–25 %). aircraft- good within uncertainties. Both methods work well; however, EMG method seems output more consistent has better aircraft-derived emissions. Assuming shape for various plumes, we estimate average e-folding time 2 ±1 h observations. Based chemistry transport model simulations observations, net 1.3 1.5 times greater than A factor should thus used infer retrievals NO2.

Язык: Английский

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Constraining emissions of volatile organic compounds from western US wildfires with WE-CAN and FIREX-AQ airborne observations

Atmospheric chemistry and physics, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 23(10), С. 5969 - 5991

Опубликована: Май 31, 2023

Abstract. The impact of biomass burning (BB) on the atmospheric burden volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is highly uncertain. Here we apply GEOS-Chem chemical transport model (CTM) to constrain BB emissions in western USA at ∼ 25 km resolution. Across three emission inventories widely used CTMs, inventory–inventory comparison suggests that totals 14 modeled VOC agree with each other within 30 %–40 %. However, for individual VOCs can differ by a factor 1–5, driven regionally averaged ratios (ERs, reflecting both assigned ERs specific biome and vegetation classifications) across inventories. We further evaluate simulations aircraft observations made during WE-CAN (Western Wildfire Experiment Cloud Chemistry, Aerosol Absorption Nitrogen) FIREX-AQ (Fire Influence Regional Global Environments Air Quality) field campaigns. Despite being different global or applying various injection height assumptions, model–observation underpredict observed vertical profiles 3–7. shows small no bias most species low-/no-smoke conditions. thus attribute negative biases mostly underestimated these Tripling reproduces primary compounds, i.e., CO, propane, benzene, toluene. it less significant improvements oxygenated VOCs, particularly formaldehyde, formic acid, acetic lumped ≥ C3 aldehydes, suggesting missing secondary sources BB-impacted environments. underestimation likely attributable underpredicted amounts effective dry matter burned, rather than errors fire detection, height, ERs, as constrained ground measurements. cannot rule out potential sub-grid uncertainties (i.e., not able fully resolve plumes) nested which could explain partially, though back-of-the-envelope calculation evaluation using longer-term measurements help support argument burned underestimation. total implemented only account half 161 measured (∼ 75 versus 150 ppb ppm−1). This reveals amount reactive carbon Considering (× 3) unmodeled 2), infer contributed 10 % 2019 45 2018 (240 2040 Gg C) flux two seasons, compared 1 %–10 standard GEOS-Chem.

Язык: Английский

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Emissions and Atmospheric Chemistry of Furanoids from Biomass Burning: Insights from Laboratory to Atmospheric Observations

ACS Earth and Space Chemistry, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 8(5), С. 857 - 899

Опубликована: Апрель 8, 2024

Furanoids are a class of reactive volatile organic compounds that major products from the pyrolysis and combustion biomass polymers, including cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin. Biomass burning is an atmospheric source furanoids increasing in frequency intensity throughout regions world. Once emitted to atmosphere, may react with oxidants form secondary pollutants hazardous human health, ozone (O3) aerosol (SOA). This review comprehensive assessment literature between 1977 present describing emissions fate wild, prescribed, domestic fires. The organized by presenting physical properties key first, followed summary biopolymer reactions lead furanoid formation. Next, factors compiled across typical fuels consumed highlight species smoke. We next available kinetic degradation mechanism data characterize reaction rates, gas-phase products, SOA formed as result OH, NO3, O3, Cl radicals. then describe studies have focused on evaluating chemistry their impacts air quality using combination field observations model simulations. conclude perspective identifies future research directions would address gaps improve understanding processes.

Язык: Английский

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Reconciling the total carbon budget for boreal forest wildfire emissions using airborne observations

Atmospheric chemistry and physics, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 22(18), С. 12493 - 12523

Опубликована: Сен. 23, 2022

Abstract. Wildfire impacts on air quality and climate are expected to be exacerbated by change with the most pronounced in boreal biome. Despite large geographic coverage, there is limited information forest wildfire emissions, particularly for organic compounds, which critical inputs model predictions of downwind impacts. In this study, airborne measurements 193 compounds from 15 instruments, including 173 non-methane organics (NMOG), were used provide detailed characterization, date, emissions. Highly speciated showed a diversity chemical classes highlighting complexity Using total NMOG carbon (NMOGT), ΣNMOG was found 50 % ± 3 53 NMOGT, which, intermediate- semi-volatile (I/SVOCs) estimated account 7 10 %. These estimates I/SVOC emission factors expand volatility range typically reported. extensive speciation, substantial portion NMOGT remained unidentified (47 %), contributions more highly-functionalized VOCs I/SVOCs. The derived study improve speciation profiles especially relevant modelling wildfires. aircraft-derived further linked those satellite observations demonstrating their combined value assessing variability modelled results contribute verification improvement models that essential reliable near-source pollution resulting

Язык: Английский

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Biomass burning CO emissions: exploring insights through TROPOMI-derived emissions and emission coefficients

Atmospheric chemistry and physics, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 24(17), С. 10159 - 10186

Опубликована: Сен. 13, 2024

Abstract. Emissions from biomass burning are a significant source of air pollution, which can adversely impact quality and ecosystems thousands kilometres downwind. These emissions be estimated by bottom-up approach that relies on fuel consumed standardized emission factors. also commonly derived with top-down approach, using satellite-observed fire radiative power (FRP) as proxy for consumption. Biomass directly satellite trace gas observations, including carbon monoxide (CO). Here, we explore the potential satellite-derived CO rates provide new insights into understanding globally, respect to differences in regions vegetation type. Specifically, use TROPOMI (Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument) high-spatial-resolution datasets derive individual fires between 2019 2021 globally. Using synthetic data (with known emissions), show direct estimate methodology has 34 % uncertainty deriving (and total 44 wind column uncertainty). From TROPOMI-derived emissions, biome-specific coefficients (emissions relative FRP) combining estimates FRP Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS). used establish annual inventories burning, showing Southern Hemisphere Africa highest (over 25 global 300–390 Mt(CO) yr−1 2003–2021), almost broadleaved evergreen tree fires. A comprehensive comparison estimates, approaches, provides insight strengths weaknesses each method: FINN2.5 higher factor 2 5, than all other assessed this study. Trends over past decades examined different around globe, have, whole, decreased (by 5.1 8.7 yr−1), where some experience increased others emissions.

Язык: Английский

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Introducing the VIIRS-based Fire Emission Inventory version 0 (VFEIv0)

Geoscientific model development, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 15(21), С. 8085 - 8109

Опубликована: Ноя. 11, 2022

Abstract. A new open biomass burning inventory is presented that relies on the fire radiative power data from Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) board Suomi NPP satellite. This VIIRS-based Fire Emission Inventory (VFEI) provides emission early 2012 to 2019 for more than 40 species of gases and aerosols at spatial resolutions around 500 m. We found VFEI produces similar results when compared other major inventories in many regions world. Additionally, we conducted regional simulations using with Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) model chemistry (WRF-Chem) Southern Africa (September 2016) North America (July–August 2019). aerosol optical depth (AOD) against two observational datasets: MODIS Multi-Angle Implementation Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC) product AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) stations. Results showed good agreement between both datasets, mean AOD biases +0.03 −0.01 America. Both were not only able reproduce magnitudes accurately, but also inter-diurnal variations smoke concentration. In addition, made use airborne ObseRvations Aerosols above CLouds their intEractionS (ORACLES; Africa) Influence Regional Global Environments Experiment Air Quality (FIREX-AQ; America) campaigns evaluate simulations. Africa, correlations higher 0.77 comparing carbon monoxide black carbon. America, lower higher. However, this because was timing, shape, location individual plumes over complex terrain (Rocky Mountains) during FIREX-AQ campaign period.

Язык: Английский

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