Heliyon,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
11(4), С. e42523 - e42523
Опубликована: Фев. 1, 2025
This
study
estimates
water
consumption
in
two
lithium
mines
(Olaroz
and
Fénix)
that
use
different
extraction
technologies
Argentina's
salt
flats.
Based
on
Environmental
Impact
Reports
(EIRs),
we
assess
the
footprint
(WF)
brine
(BC)
both
mines.
To
best
of
our
knowledge,
this
is
first
to
estimate
WF
BC
for
provides
data
better
understand
its
implications
local
ecosystems
communities.
We
also
contextualize
freshwater
projects
by
estimating
blue
intensity
(WIblue)
population
equivalent
(PE),
namely
number
inhabitants
would
consume
an
volume
water.
Total
was
51.0
135.5
m3/ton
carbonate
(Li2CO3)
Olaroz
Fénix,
respectively.
Per
unit
product,
2.7
times
higher
Fénix
but
Olaroz.
WIblue
indicates
that,
while
had
a
WFblue,
impact
availability
moderate
due
greater
availability.
WFblue
32,238
141,047
their
nearest
towns
(Susques
Antofagasta
de
la
Sierra,
respectively,
with
current
less
than
2,100
inhabitants).
Our
findings
underscore
mining
can
have
important
impacts
vary
significantly
geographic
context.
EIRs
provide
useful
basis
BC,
though
certain
limitations
challenges
persist,
particularly
regarding
incomplete
or
insufficiently
detailed
data.
Advanced Functional Materials,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
34(48)
Опубликована: Авг. 15, 2024
Abstract
Membranes
facilitate
scalable
and
continuous
lithium
concentration
from
hypersaline
salt
lakes
battery
leachates.
Conventional
nanofiltration
(NF)
membranes,
however,
exhibit
poor
monovalent
selectivity
in
high‐salinity
environments
due
to
weakened
exclusion
mechanisms.
This
study
examines
polyamide
NF
membranes
coated
with
polyelectrolytes
enriched
ammonium
groups
maintain
high
cation
conditions.
Over
8000
ion
rejection
measurements
are
recorded
using
lake
brines
The
experiments
exemplify
the
membrane's
ability
reduce
magnesium
concentrations
0.14%
elevate
purity
98%
leachates,
a
single
filtration
stage.
is
retained
after
12
weeks
acidic
Molecular
dynamics
analyses
reveal
that
create
an
electrostatic
barrier
at
low
pH,
selectively
hindering
multivalent
transport.
corroborated
by
Coulombic
attraction
between
cations
carboxylate
groups,
along
repulsive
groups.
Despite
14.7%
increase
specific
energy,
two‐stage
system
for
recovery
significantly
reduces
permeate
composition
0.031%
Chilean
brines.
For
NMC
achieve
exceeding
99.5%,
yielding
enhanced
quality
minor
increases
energy
demands.
Advanced Science,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Сен. 13, 2024
Abstract
Positively
charged
nanofiltration
membranes
have
attracted
much
attention
in
the
field
of
lithium
extraction
from
salt
lakes
due
to
their
excellent
ability
separate
mono‐
and
multi‐valent
cations.
However,
thicker
selective
layer
lower
affinity
for
Li
+
result
separation
efficiency
membranes.
Here,
PEI‐P
with
highly
efficient
/Mg
2+
performance
are
prepared
by
introducing
lithophilic
4,7,10‐Trioxygen‐1,13‐tridecanediamine
(DCA)
on
surface
PEI‐TMC
using
a
post‐modification
method.
Characterization
experimental
results
show
that
utilization
DCA‐TMC
crosslinked
structure
as
space‐confined
inhibit
diffusion
monomer
not
only
increases
positive
charge
density
membrane
but
also
reduces
its
thickness
≈35%
presents
unique
coffee‐ring
structure,
which
ensures
water
permeability
rejection
Mg
.
The
ion–dipole
interaction
ether
chains
facilitates
transport
improves
selectivity
(
S
Li,Mg
=
23.3).
In
three‐stage
process
treating
simulated
lake
water,
can
reduce
/Li
ratio
400‐fold
produce
2
CO
3
purity
more
than
99.5%,
demonstrating
potential
application
lakes.
Chemical Engineering Journal,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
497, С. 154640 - 154640
Опубликована: Авг. 8, 2024
The
global
challenge
of
climate
change
and
the
pursuit
carbon
neutrality
drive
demand
for
clean
energy
technologies,
increasing
need
critical
minerals.
However,
diminishing
ore
quality
supply
chain
vulnerabilities
highlight
necessity
exploring
unconventional
mineral
sources.
This
paper
assesses
potential
sources
such
as
low-grade
ores,
brines,
secondary
byproducts
extracting
minerals,
focusing
on
lithium,
nickel,
cobalt,
rare
earth
elements.
Conventional
refining
techniques
struggle
with
complexity
low
concentrations
found
in
sources,
prompting
exploration
innovative
methods.
Electrically
driven
membrane
particularly
electrodialysis
(ED),
show
promise
selectively
transporting
metals
through
ion
exchange
membranes.
combination
functionalized
membranes
advanced
ED
technologies
offers
high
selectivity
specific
elements,
renewable
energy-based
operations
can
minimize
environmental
impact.
Recent
advancements
ED,
including
selective
liquid
demonstrate
efficient
recovery
comprehensive
review
explores
principles
recent
progress
a
focus
recovering
minerals
from
is
structured
into
three
main
sections:
categorizing
properties
based
latest
literature,
fundamental
underpinning
modern
investigating
breakthroughs
separation
using
technologies.
framework
highlights
efficiently
processing
diverse
adeptly
retrieving
Environmental Science & Technology,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
58(43), С. 19486 - 19500
Опубликована: Окт. 18, 2024
Recycling
spent
lithium-ion
batteries
offers
a
sustainable
solution
to
reduce
ecological
degradation
from
mining
and
mitigate
raw
material
shortages
price
volatility.
This
study
investigates
using
electrodialysis
with
selective
bipolar
ion-exchange
membranes
establish
circular
economy
for
batteries.
An
experimental
data
set
of
over
1700
ion
concentration
measurements
across
five
current
densities,
two
compositions,
three
pH
levels
supports
the
techno-economic
analysis.
Selective
(SED)
isolates
lithium
ions
battery
leachates,
yielding
99%
Li-pure
retentate
68.8%
retention,
achieving
relative
ionic
fluxes
up
2.41
Li+
transition
metal
cations
selectivity
5.64
monovalent
cations.
Bipolar
membrane
(BMED)
converts
LiCl
into
high-purity
LiOH
HCl,
essential
remanufacturing
reducing
acid
consumption
via
recycling.
High
densities
leakage,
leakage
as
low
0.03%,
though
hydronium
hydroxide
in
BMED
remains
high
at
11–20%.
Our
analysis
projects
production
costs
between
USD
1.1
3.6
per
kilogram,
significantly
lower
than
prices.
Optimal
SED
conditions
are
identified,
emphasizing
need
control
proton
transport
improve
cobalt–lithium
separation
enhance
cost
efficiency.
