International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,
Год журнала:
2021,
Номер
18(4), С. 2177 - 2177
Опубликована: Фев. 23, 2021
Particulate
matter
(PM)
is
a
major
factor
contributing
to
air
quality
deterioration
that
enters
the
atmosphere
as
consequence
of
various
natural
and
anthropogenic
activities.
In
PM,
polycyclic
aromatic
hydrocarbons
(PAHs)
represent
class
organic
chemicals
with
at
least
two
rings
are
mainly
directly
emitted
via
incomplete
combustion
materials.
Numerous
toxicological
epidemiological
studies
have
proven
adverse
links
between
exposure
particulate
matter-bound
(PM-bound)
PAHs
human
health
due
their
carcinogenicity
mutagenicity.
Among
routes,
inhalation
main
pathway
regarding
PM-bound
in
atmosphere.
Moreover,
concentrations
differ
among
people,
microenvironments
areas.
Hence,
understanding
behaviour
crucial.
However,
because
current
techniques
hardly
monitor
real-time,
timely
feedback
on
including
characteristics
concentration
composition,
not
obtained
real-time
analysis
methods.
Therefore,
this
review,
we
summarize
personal
exposure,
indoor
outdoor
PAH
for
different
participants,
spaces,
cities
worldwide
recent
years.
The
aims
clarify
under
conditions,
addition
effects
assessment
methods
PAHs.
Environmental Science & Technology,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
57(41), С. 15314 - 15335
Опубликована: Сен. 13, 2023
Polycyclic
aromatic
hydrocarbon
(PAH)
derivatives
constitute
a
significant
class
of
emerging
contaminants
that
have
been
ubiquitously
detected
in
diverse
environmental
matrixes,
with
some
even
exhibiting
higher
toxicities
than
their
corresponding
parent
PAHs.
To
date,
compared
PAHs,
fewer
systematic
summaries
and
reanalyses
are
available
for
PAH
great
concerns.
This
review
summarizes
the
current
knowledge
on
chemical
species,
levels,
biotransformation
patterns,
analytical
methods,
internal
exposure
routes
representative
biomarkers,
toxicity
derivatives,
primarily
focusing
nitrated
PAHs
(NPAHs),
oxygenated
(OPAHs),
halogenated
(XPAHs),
alkylated
(APAHs).
A
collection
188
compounds
from
four
categories,
44
NPAHs,
36
OPAHs,
56
APAHs,
52
XPAHs,
has
compiled
114
studies
documented
presence
derivatives.
These
exhibited
weighted
average
air
concentrations
varied
lower
limit
0.019
pg/m3
to
threshold
4060
pg/m3.
Different
methods
utilizing
comprehensive
two-dimensional
gas
chromatography
coupled
high-resolution
time-of-flight
mass
spectrometry
(GC
×
GC-TOF-MS),
(GC-TOF-MS),
quadrupole
GC-QQQ-MS),
Fourier-transform
ion
cyclotron
resonance
(FT-ICR
MS),
adopted
untargeted
strategies
identification
also
reviewed
here.
Additionally,
an
in-depth
analysis
patterns
each
category
is
provided,
including
likelihood
specific
reaction
types.
For
toxicity,
we
summarized
key
metabolic
activation
pathways,
which
could
result
formation
reactive
metabolites
capable
covalently
bonding
DNA
tissue
proteins,
potential
health
outcomes
such
as
carcinogenicity
genotoxicity,
oxidative
stress,
inflammation
immunotoxicity,
developmental
might
be
mediated
by
aryl
receptor
(AhR).
Finally,
pinpoint
research
challenges
emphasize
need
further
identifying
tracking
external
evaluating
levels
associated
clarifying
routes,
considering
mixture
effects.
aims
provide
broad
understanding
derivatives'
identification,
occurrence,
human
exposure,
biotransformation,
offering
valuable
reference
guiding
future
this
underexplored
area.
Environmental Processes,
Год журнала:
2021,
Номер
9(1)
Опубликована: Дек. 29, 2021
Abstract
The
aim
of
this
paper
is
the
presentation
current
state-of-the-art
about
determination
polycyclic
aromatic
hydrocarbons
(PAHs)
and
their
oxidized
forms
originating
from
Suspended
Particulate
Matter
(SPM)
samples.
influence
SPM
on
health
twofold.
SPM,
as
composed
small
particles,
dangerous
for
respiratory
system.
Additionally,
a
carrier
many
hazardous
compounds,
particularly
PAHs.
Recently,
several
researches
focus
derivatives
PAHs,
nitro-,
oxy-
hydroxy-PAHs,
which
are
more
than
parent
Both
gas
high-performance
liquid
chromatography
with
various
detection
techniques
used
to
analyze
both
PAHs
forms.
Due
appearance
these
compounds
in
environment,
at
very
low
level,
an
analyte
concentration
step
has
be
applied
prior
analysis.
If
GC
HPLC
chiefly
analytical
tools
analyses,
spectrum
procedures
broad.
Many
proposed:
classic
liquid-solid
extractions,
including
Soxhlet
technique,
pressurized
extraction
(ASE)
or
microwave
oven
(MWE)
sonic
supported
SPE
applications.
However,
one
should
remember
that
PAH
methods
solving
main
problem,
i.e.,
evaluation
hazard
connected
presence
air.
Thus,
drawback
papers
found
review,
lack
information
concerning
limit
(LOD)
makes
applicability
limited.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,
Год журнала:
2019,
Номер
16(6), С. 941 - 941
Опубликована: Март 15, 2019
Aerosolized
particulate
matter
(PM)
is
a
complex
mixture
that
has
been
recognized
as
the
greatest
cause
of
premature
human
mortality
in
low-
and
middle-income
countries.
Its
toxicity
arises
largely
from
its
chemical
biological
components.
These
include
polycyclic
aromatic
hydrocarbons
(PAHs)
their
nitro-derivatives
(NPAHs)
well
microorganisms.
In
Africa,
fossil
fuel
combustion
biomass
burning
urban
settings
are
major
sources
exposure
to
PM,
yet
data
on
role
aerosols
disease
association
Africa
remains
scarce.
This
review
first
examine
studies
conducted
both
PAHs/NPAHs
airborne
microorganisms
associated
with
PM.
demonstrate
PM
exceeds
World
Health
Organization
(WHO)
safety
limits
carcinogenic
pathogenic
components
aerosols.
The
health
impacts
microbial
loadings
reviewed.
will
be
important
for
future
epidemiological
evaluations
may
contribute
development
effective
management
strategies
improve
ambient
air
quality
African
continent.
Environment International,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
162, С. 107162 - 107162
Опубликована: Март 2, 2022
The
vegetation
burning
caused
by
wildfires
can
release
significant
quantities
of
aerosols
and
toxic
chemicals
into
the
atmosphere
result
in
health
risk.
Among
these
emitted
pollutants,
Benzo(a)pyrene
(BaP),
most
congener
16
parent
PAHs
(polycyclic
aromatic
hydrocarbons),
has
received
widespread
concerns
because
its
carcinogenicity
to
human
health.
Efforts
have
been
made
investigate
environmental
consequences
wildfire-induced
BaP
emissions
Africa.
Still,
uncertainties
remain
due
knowledge
data
gaps
wildfire
incidences
biomass
emissions.
Based
on
a
newly-developed
emission
inventory,
present
study
assesses
quantitatively
environment
cycling
Africa
effects
other
continents
from
2001
2014.
new
inventory
reveals
increasing
contribution
African
global
total
primarily
anthropogenic
sources,
accounting
for
48%
since
2000
s.
We
identify
significantly
higher
concentrations
across
sub-Saharan
Africa,
where
annual
averaged
were
as
high
5-8
ng/m3.
modeled
implemented
estimate
lifetime
cancer
risk
(LCR)
inhalation
exposure
concentrations.
results
reveal
that
LCR
values
many
countries
exceeded
acceptable
level
at
1
×
10-6,
some
which
suffer
very
with
LCR>1
10-4.
show
contributed,
extent,
contamination
Europe
well
regions,
depending
source
proximity
atmospheric
pathways
under
favorable
circulation
patterns.
