Journal of Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
4(1), С. 33 - 37
Опубликована: Июль 18, 2023
Chung's
equations-II,
-III,
and
-IV
were
applied
to
evaluate
the
fire
risk
ratings
of
flame
retardants.
As
an
example,
a
wood
specimen
coated
with
retardant
was
selected
tested
using
cone
calorimeter
according
ISO
5660-1
standard.
The
external
heat
flux
fixed
50
kW/m2.
Fire
performance
index-III
used
three
variables
initial
risk:
time
ignition,
first
peak
release
rate,
smoke
rate.
growth
calculated
production
reach
This
index
is
standardized
hazard
category
poly(methyl
methacrylate)
as
reference
material.
rating
index,
index-IV,
expressed
value
obtained
by
dividing
index-III.
In
this
study,
methodology
for
evaluation
discussed.
FlatChem,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
45, С. 100662 - 100662
Опубликована: Апрель 21, 2024
Graphene-based
nanomaterials
(GBNMs)
are
versatile
due
to
their
large
surface
area,
great
mechanical,
chemical
strength,
and
excellent
electrical
properties.
The
versatility
of
graphene
has
increased
its
applicability
therefore
several
synthesis
methods
produce
high
quality
simpler,
faster,
cost-effectively
actively
explored.
conventional
however
employ
toxic
chemicals,
temperature,
lengthy
times.
On
the
other
hand,
gamma
(γ)
irradiation
approach
is
facile,
occurs
under
ambient
conditions
produces
composites
purity.
Noteworthy,
this
technique
enables
user
control
time
total
dose,
hence
minimising
aggregation
nanomaterial
as
main
drawback
hindering
commercial
production
GBNMs.
γ-radiolysis
GBNMs
exhibit
superior
optical
properties
improved
supercapacitance,
catalytic,
sensing
abilities.
Although
reviews
addressed
γ-ray
metallic
nanomaterials,
polymers,
well
usage
a
variety
radiation
techniques
fabricate
review
focuses
solely
on
synthesis,
modifications
via
γ-synthesis
technique.
Properties
used
reduce
oxide
shortcomings
highlighted.
This
followed
by
detailing
γ-radiation
technique,
advantages
over
principles
thereof.
Effects
γ-irradiation
required
for
structural
modification
obtain
different
detailed.
influence
operational
parameters
fabricated
graphene-based
discussed
summaries
recent
developments
in
γ-irradiated
catalysis,
energy,
sensing,
biomedical
fields.
In
addition,
paper
presents
insights
into
challenges
posed
provides
future
research
directions
prospects
field
IntechOpen eBooks,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Янв. 21, 2025
Biofilm
structures
are
communities
that
emerge
from
microorganisms
adhering
to
a
surface
and
living
in
an
extracellular
polymer
matrix
(biofilm
matrix).
formation
is
affected
by
various
factors,
such
as
strain
type,
the
presence
of
other
bacteria,
polymeric
substances,
cell
adhesion
molecules,
environmental
conditions
(such
temperature,
pH,
salt,
relative
humidity,
oxygen
availability,
nutrients),
properties
carrier
interface,
hydrophobicity,
wettability,
roughness),
bacterial
genome,
hydrodynamic
conditions,
physicochemical
properties,
cell-to-cell
signaling
(quorum
sensing),
motility.
can
form
on
surfaces
devices
used
food
medical
sectors
stainless
steel,
glass,
polyurethane)
cause
device-related
infections.
This
study
presents
factors
affecting
biofilm
which
structure
formed,
especially
sectors.
Identifying
internal
external
influence
life
cycle
allows
for
identification
current
strategies
promoting
beneficial
biofilms
eliminating
harmful
biofilms.
