Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown, С. 1 - 40

Опубликована: Май 25, 2025

Isothiazolinones are heterocyclic compounds with potent broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties, commonly used as preservatives in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and industrial products. Their efficacy results from interference microbial protein nucleic acid synthesis. However, their limited water solubility instability under alkaline conditions, elevated temperatures, UV exposure constrain formulation use. Despite regulatory restrictions, especially the EU, due to allergenic toxic potential, remains widespread, particularly through household Studies indicate that isothiazolinones can penetrate skin, bind cellular components, induce oxidative stress, apoptosis, immune responses. Furthermore, emerging data suggest possible endocrine-disrupting neurotoxic effects. The mechanisms driving these toxicities still not fully understood. This review examines physicochemical characteristics, mechanisms, applications, routes, cytotoxic effects, molecular interactions of isothiazolinones. Deeper mechanistic insight is needed support development safer alternatives inform more stringent frameworks.

Язык: Английский