Zwitterionic Energetic Materials: Synthesis, Structural Diversity and Energetic Properties

Chemistry - An Asian Journal, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 19(17)

Опубликована: Июнь 10, 2024

Abstract Zwitterionic compounds are an emergent class of energetic materials and have gained synthetic interest many in the recent years. Due to their better packing efficiencies strong inter/intramolecular electrostatic interactions, they often ensue superior properties than salt analogues. A systematic review from perspective design, synthesis, physicochemical evaluation zwitterionic is presented. Depending on parent ring(s) used for synthesis type moieties bearing positive negative charges, different classes materials, such as primary explosives, secondary heat resistant oxidizers, etc., may result. The some also compared with analogous salts. This will encourage readers explore possibility designing new materials.

Язык: Английский

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Lanthanum(III) Coordination Polymer Decorated With 2,1,3‐Benzoxadiazole Units for Sensitive Luminescent Recognition of Sulfate Anion

Applied Organometallic Chemistry, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 39(3)

Опубликована: Фев. 21, 2025

ABSTRACT One‐dimensional coordination polymer La‐CP , {[La(H 2 O) (HL O ) (L )]·H O} n containing a new luminescent ligand 4,7‐di(4‐carboxypyrazol‐1‐yl)‐2,1,3‐benzoxadiazole (H L was synthesized. Upon excitation at 400 nm, the compound shows strong emission with maximum 550 nm high photoluminescence quantum yield of 43%. demonstrates sensing properties toward aluminum and gallium cations, as well dihydrogen phosphate sulfate anions through enhancement response. The limits detection were 0.42, 0.70, 0.37, 0.40 μM, respectively. is first example sensor for anion among all types polymers. uptake analytes under conditions evaluated, absorption result such proposed probable response mechanism.

Язык: Английский

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Insights into Structural and Energetic Features of 3,5-Dinitropyrazole-4-carboxylic Acid and Its Energetic Salts

Crystal Growth & Design, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 24(16), С. 6790 - 6799

Опубликована: Июль 31, 2024

The dominance of nitro pyrazole-based explosives in the recently reported high-performing energetic materials motivated us to comprehensively investigate energy–stability correlation among different compounds based on 3,5-dinitro pyrazoles employing various computational methods. We also explored and physicochemical properties overlooked compound 3,5-dinitropyrazole-4-carboxylic acid (CDNP). This study revealed that CDNP exhibits highest thermal stability 4-substituted-3,5-dinitropyrazoles, combined with an acceptable performance. These characteristics are attributed its layered packing, strong intermolecular interactions, carbonyl bonds. Furthermore, dicationic salt formation further allowed fine-tune overall performance stability. dihydroxylammonium (5) shows best performance, comparable well-known traditional explosive TATB, good low sensitivity toward impact friction.

Язык: Английский

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Time for mixing: Mixed dicationic energetic salts based on methylene bridged 4-hydroxy-3,5-dinitropyrazole and tetrazole for tunable performance

Energetic Materials Frontiers, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 5(2), С. 105 - 111

Опубликована: Май 14, 2024

Various types of materials have been explored in the pursuit high energy density (HEDMs) that balanced and stability. Among them, energetic salts show numerous advantages, such as lower vapor pressures, physical stabilities, opportunity for favourable tuning by careful selection cations/anions. Nitrogen-rich bases are generally used cations salt formation. While synthesis with larger lowers sensitivity, smaller aid better performance. A combination both same ionic moieties might help formation a superior explosive. In this work, facile route mixed dicationic based on 1-((1H-tetrazol-5-yl)methyl)-3,5-dinitro-1H-pyrazol-4-ol (compound 1) has various combinations bigger (compounds 4-10). All synthesized showed positive heats formation, performance comparable to TATB, excellent stability towards impact friction, acceptable thermal stabilities. This improved technique will provide an additional option fine-tuning properties HEDMs facilitate exploring role overall compounds.

Язык: Английский

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Engaging Two Anions with Single Cation in Energetic Salts: Approach for Optimization of Oxygen Balance in Energetic Materials

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 16(47), С. 64846 - 64857

Опубликована: Ноя. 12, 2024

The field of high energy density materials faces a long-standing challenge to achieve an optimum balance between and stability. While energetic salt formation via combination oxygen- nitrogen-rich anions (providing energy) with nitrogen-containing cations stability) has been proven approach for improving physical stability, constraints such as lowering performance remain unresolved. This can be addressed by utilizing oxygen-containing formation. However, this is rarely explored because its synthesis challenging. In work, we have designed oxygen-rich cationic precursor

Язык: Английский

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Combination of N‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole and 4‐hydroxy‐3,5‐dinitropyrazole for the synthesis of high performing explosives

Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 61(8), С. 1299 - 1305

Опубликована: Июнь 5, 2024

Abstract In an attempt to cultivate energy‐stability balance, a series of nitrogen and oxygen‐rich high energy density materials were synthesized based on N ‐substituted 4‐hydroxy‐3,5‐dinitropyrazole methylene‐linked ‐amino‐1,2,4‐bridges. The hydroxy substituent contributed oxygen content, hydrogen bonding, tunability via salt formation. On the other hand, triazole bridge delivered content thermal stability. All compounds characterized with multinuclear NMR, FTIR, HRMS, elemental analysis, their physicochemical energetic properties analyzed. Energetic 1 – 5 showed detonation performance adequate overall stabilities. Compound exhibited higher (1.84 g/cm 3 ) ( D v = 8103 m/s, P 26.9 GPa) in comparison its reported amino derivative.

Язык: Английский

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N-Methylene-C-Linked Nitropyrazoles and 1,2,4-Triazolone-3-one: Thermally Stable Energetic Materials with Reduced Sensitivity

Dalton Transactions, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 53(42), С. 17179 - 17189

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2024

A family of new asymmetric N -methylene-C linked nitropyrazoles and 1,2,4-triazol-3-one based thermally stable energetic materials with reduced sensitivity has been synthesized. Background image via Canva.

Язык: Английский

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Dinitroacetylene: Can It be Made?

Propellants Explosives Pyrotechnics, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Фев. 22, 2025

ABSTRACT With a predicted record‐high heat of formation, energy density, and outstanding performance as rocket propellant, dinitroacetylene stretches the imagination for what is possible in terms organic chemical explosives monopropellants. In this study, we employ quantum methods to predict its thermodynamic properties, ionization potential, electron affinity, ultraviolet‐visible spectra, nuclear magnetic resonance, vibrational investigate proposed decomposition mechanisms. While unimolecular pathways are have high activation energies, nitrogen oxide radical species—commonly present reaction mixtures energetic materials—are found significantly catalyze dinitroacetylene. This catalytic effect may explain previous unsuccessful synthesis attempts. A frontier orbital analysis suggests that partial reduction could increase C─N bond order, offering strategy stabilize elusive high‐energy‐density material.

Язык: Английский

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Comparative Study of Trifunctionalization for Enhanced Energy and Thermal Stability in Zwitterionic Fused Triazole Skeletons

Organic Letters, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 27(4), С. 1060 - 1065

Опубликована: Янв. 16, 2025

In this work, two energetic compounds 5-(3-iminio-6-nitro-3H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4]triazol-2(7H)-yl)tetrazol-1-ide (TT) and 3-nitro-7-(2H-tetrazol-5-yl)-7H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4]triazol-6-amine (FT) were successfully synthesized from the same compound 3,6,7-triamino-7H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4]triazolium (TATOT). Both contain three explosophores, amino, nitro, tetrazole, on fused ring. Through different functional group arrangements, TT possesses higher density good thermal stability. FT exhibits a low sensitivity to mechanical stimulation. show promising performance properties.

Язык: Английский

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N‐Alkylation of 4‐Hydroxy‐3,5‐Dinitropyrazole: A Facile Route for the Synthesis of Insensitive Energetic Materials

Propellants Explosives Pyrotechnics, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Фев. 4, 2025

ABSTRACT Behind the synthesis of any new high‐energy density material is objective to achieve equilibrium between energy and stability, which becomes laborious because their adversarial nature. Nitropyrazoles, with viable syntheses easy modifiability, have been adopted typically as backbones this goal. However, acidic nature pyrazole N H in nitropyrazoles limits usefulness despite exhibiting appealing characteristics. 4‐Hydroxy‐3,5‐dinitropyrazole (HODNP) an interesting skeleton presence hydroxy functionality two nitro groups, not only provides additional oxygen content for better output but also possesses quality strong hydrogen bonding interactions tuning properties via salt formation. N‐alkylation most straightforward technique protection unwanted proton, addition making them more physically stable. In work, we synthesized ‐methylated , N’ ‐ethylene‐bridged derivatives ( 2 7 ) HODNP. Mono dicationic salts 3 ‐ 6 8 11 were boost performance further. N‐methylated neutral compound its ammonium confirmed through 15 NMR analysis, was single‐crystal analysis. All compounds showed excellent physical stability (IS >40 J, FS > 360 N), good thermal (T d 180°C). The detonation characteristics found be similar ones 1,3,5‐triamino‐2,4,6‐trinitrobenzene (D v = 7704–8172 m/s, p 22.4–27.3 GPa).

Язык: Английский

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