Manipulating nitration and stabilization to achieve high energy

Science Advances, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 9(46)

Опубликована: Ноя. 15, 2023

Nitro groups have played a central and decisive role in the development of most powerful known energetic materials. Highly nitrated compounds are potential oxidizing agents, which could replace environmentally hazardous used materials such as ammonium perchlorate. The scarcity azole with large number nitro is likely due to their inherent thermal instability limited ring sites available for bond formation. Now, formation first molecule bonded seven groups, 4-nitro-3,5-bis(trinitromethyl)-1H-pyrazole (4), by stepwise nitration 3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole reported. Compound 4 exhibits exceptional physicochemical properties positive oxygen balance (OBCO2 = 13.62%) an extremely high calculated density (2.04 g cm-3 at 100 K). This impressively C, H, N, O compound. work giant step forward highly dense azoles will accelerate further exploration this challenging field.

Язык: Английский

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2,2′-Azobis(1,5′-bitetrazole) with a N₁₀ Chain and 1,5′-Bitetrazolate-2N-oxides: Construction of Highly Energetic Nitrogen-Rich Materials Based on C–N-Linked Tetrazoles

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 15(35), С. 41580 - 41589

Опубликована: Авг. 23, 2023

A series of high-nitrogen compounds, including a unique molecule 2,2'-azobis(1,5'-bitetrazole) with branched N10 chain and 1,5'-bitetrazolate-2N-oxides, were synthesized successfully based on C-N-linked 1,5'-bistetrazoles using azo coupling N-amine bonds N-oxide introduction strategies. All compounds characterized by NMR spectroscopy, IR elemental analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, in which the structures five further determined single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis (2, T-N10B, 3a, 3b, THX). The nitrogen contents these range from 63.62 (THX) to 83.43% (T-N10B), are much higher than that CL-20 (38.34%). heat formation for prepared was calculated Gaussian 09 program, T-N10B having highest value 5.13 kJ g-1, about 6 times (0.83 g-1). detonation performances EXPLO5 v6.05.04 show THX has excellent performance (D = 9581 m s-1, P 35.93 GPa) remarkable specific impulse (Isp 284.9 s).

Язык: Английский

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Review of the decomposition and energy release mechanisms of novel energetic materials

Chemical Engineering Journal, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 483, С. 149202 - 149202

Опубликована: Янв. 29, 2024

Язык: Английский

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Zwitterionic Energetic Materials: Synthesis, Structural Diversity and Energetic Properties

Chemistry - An Asian Journal, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 19(17)

Опубликована: Июнь 10, 2024

Abstract Zwitterionic compounds are an emergent class of energetic materials and have gained synthetic interest many in the recent years. Due to their better packing efficiencies strong inter/intramolecular electrostatic interactions, they often ensue superior properties than salt analogues. A systematic review from perspective design, synthesis, physicochemical evaluation zwitterionic is presented. Depending on parent ring(s) used for synthesis type moieties bearing positive negative charges, different classes materials, such as primary explosives, secondary heat resistant oxidizers, etc., may result. The some also compared with analogous salts. This will encourage readers explore possibility designing new materials.

Язык: Английский

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A Promising Strategy toward the Development of C–C- and C–N-Linked Tricyclic Tetrazole Energetic Materials with High Energy Density

The Journal of Organic Chemistry, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Март 9, 2025

Tetrazole-based energetic materials have received extensive attention from researchers due to their high heats of formation and nitrogen contents. In this work, a novel tricyclic tetrazole compound linked by C–C C–N bonds was synthesized for the first time, series salts (1–4) were prepared. addition, 2,2′-bis(dinitromethyl)-2H,2′H-5,2′-5,5′-tertetrazole (DNTBT) assembling dinitromethyl with tetrazole. Among them, six compounds further determined single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. And theoretical calculations demonstrate that all exhibit positive heat formation. The target are much greater than those RDX, HMX, CL-20. computational results indicate DNTBT (D = 9580 m·s–1, P 39.2 GPa) its ionic 6 9038 34.4 GPa), 7 9178 35.2 8 9297 37.7 superior detonation performance compared HMX 8795 34.9 comparable RDX 9144 GPa). This work provides guidance future in developing high-energy-density materials.

Язык: Английский

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Polynitro-functionalized 4-phenyl-1H-pyrazoles as heat-resistant explosives

Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 21(32), С. 6604 - 6616

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2023

This work demonstrates the synthesis, characterization, and energetic properties’ evaluation of polynitro-functionalized 4-phenyl-1 H -pyrazole-based heat-resistant explosives.

Язык: Английский

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Controlling the Energetic Properties of N-Methylene-C-Linked 4-Hydroxy-3,5-dinitropyrazole- and Tetrazole-Based Compounds via a Selective Mono- and Dicationic Salt Formation Strategy

The Journal of Organic Chemistry, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 88(21), С. 15085 - 15096

Опубликована: Окт. 17, 2023

In the quest to synthesize high-performing insensitive high-energy density materials (HEDMs), main challenge is establishing an equilibrium between energy and stability. For this purpose, we explored 4-hydroxy-3,5-dinitropyrazole- tetrazole-based energetic scaffolds connected via a N-methylene-C bridge. The hydroxy functionality nitro groups on pyrazole ring promotes physical stability inter- intramolecular hydrogen bonding contributes oxygen balance, supporting better performance. Due two acidic sites (OH NH) with different reactivities, series of monocationic dicationic salts were synthesized, their overall performance was compared. All compounds synthesized in study have high impact sensitivity >40 J friction >360 N. Monocationic generally found thermal respect corresponding salts, which showed salt formation strategy effectively improved 2 (Td = 168 °C), where most decomposition temperatures higher than 220 °C. characterized through IR, multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), elemental analysis. structure-property relationship studied using Hirshfeld surface analysis, noncovalent interaction (NCI) electrostatic potential studies.

Язык: Английский

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Bis(dinitropyrazolyl)methanes spruced up with hydroxyl groups: high performance energetic salts with reduced sensitivity

Chemical Communications, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 59(95), С. 14110 - 14113

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2023

Superior derivatives of bispyrazolylmethanes, bis(4-hydroxy-3,5-dinitropyrazolyl)methane and its high-performance energetic salts, were synthesized characterized.

Язык: Английский

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Multi-energetic group synergy driven design and synthesis of [1,2,4]triazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]triazine-fused energetic compounds

Materials Chemistry Frontiers, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 7(6), С. 1046 - 1057

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2023

The design and synthesis of high-energy high-safety energetic compounds are highly desirable for researchers in the field materials.

Язык: Английский

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Synthesis of Cu^II and Cd^II Metal–Organic Frameworks Based on 4,5-Bis(1-hydroxytetrazol-5-yl)-1,2,3-triazole and Their Effects as the Catalyst in Ammonium Perchlorate Thermal Decomposition

Inorganic Chemistry, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 61(44), С. 17485 - 17493

Опубликована: Окт. 24, 2022

Two new three-dimensional (3D) energetic metal-organic frameworks (EMOFs), namely, [Cu(OBTT)(NC2H8)2]n (1) and [Cd3(OBTT)2(H2O)2]n·4H2O (2), where H3OBTT = 4,5-bis(1-hydroxytetrazol-5-yl)-1,2,3-triazole, were prepared, their structures characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, which revealed that the EMOFs feature a rigid 3D framework architecture. The possibility of these two as potential catalysts for thermal decomposition ammonium perchlorate (AP) was investigated. results show they have significant catalytic activity, up to reducing peak temperature AP from 704.0 613.6 K contracting range 451 320 K, is almost one-third less than pure AP. Kissinger Ozawa-Doyle methods used calculate kinetic parameters mixed samples. experimental suggest compound 1 has applications in field explosives propellants. All properties can be catalyst.

Язык: Английский

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