Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
13
Опубликована: Май 21, 2025
Modern
wearable
electronics
demand
materials
that
are
simultaneously
stretchable,
conductive,
and
environmentally
robust.
Hydrogels
meet
some
of
these
requirements
but
dehydrate
or
freeze
easily.
To
overcome
limitations,
we
prepared
a
poly-ionic-liquid
(PIL)
ionogel
integrates
high
elasticity
with
stable
ionic
conductivity,
aiming
to
enable
reliable,
skin-compatible
strain
biopotential
sensing.
1-Vinyl-3-butyl-imidazolium
hexafluorophosphate
1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium
were
mixed
at
optimized
mass
ratios,
followed
by
N,N'-methylenebis-acrylamide
(cross-linker)
Irgacure-2959
(photoinitiator).
The
homogeneous
precursor
was
UV-cured
for
6
min
obtain
PIL
(PIL-1
-
PIL-4
series).
Structural,
thermal,
mechanical,
rheological,
adhesive,
electrical
characteristics
analysed
FT-IR,
SEM,
TGA/DSC,
uniaxial
tensile
testing,
rheometry,
90°
peel
tests,
real-time
resistance
measurements.
Applications
evaluated
attaching
the
gel
human
joints
recording
EMG/ECG
signals.
UV
one-step
process
yielded
dense
multi-cross-linked
network
combined
covalent
interactions.
optimised
sample
(PIL-2)
showed
fracture
stress
∼390
kPa
320%
elongation,
sustaining
500
g
load
without
failure.
It
retained
softness
after
30
days
adhered
strongly
(up
strength
>4
N)
glass,
metals,
skin-even
underwater.
Electrical
tests
gave
gauge
factor
1.94
(0-100%),
3.98
(100-200%),
4.04
(200-320%),
400
ms
response
recovery.
monitored
finger
(30°/90°),
wrist,
elbow
motions
reproducibly,
functioned
as
bioelectrode
capturing
clear
PQRST
waves,
reliably
transmitted
Morse
code
via
hand
gestures.
solvent-free
couples
mechanical
toughness,
wide-range
elasticity,
pathways,
outperforming
water-rich
hydrogels
in
thermal/long-term
stability.
Its
strong,
humidity-tolerant
adhesion
eliminates
extra
fixatives,
while
rapid,
high-gain
transduction
low-impedance
skin
contact
multimodal
biosensing.
These
attributes
position
material
next-generation
flexible
electronics,
health
monitoring,
gesture-based
human-machine
interfaces.
Single-network
hydrogels
are
often
too
fragile
to
withstand
mechanical
loading,
whereas
double-network
typically
exhibit
significant
hysteresis
during
cyclic
stretching-releasing
process
due
the
presence
of
a
sacrificial
network.
Consequently,
it
is
considerable
challenge
for
designing
that
both
low
in
and
high
toughness
applications
requiring
dynamic
loads.
Herein,
study
introduced
novel
"sliding
tangle
island"
strategy
creating
tough
low-hysteresis
hydrogels,
which
prepared
through
situ
polymerization
highly
concentrated
acrylamides
(AM)
form
numerous
entanglements
within
MXene
spacing
without
any
chemical
crosslinker.
The
entangled
with
long
polyacrylamide
(PAM)
chains
island
served
as
relay
station
transmit
stress
neighboring
molecular
chains.
This
mechanism
helps
alleviate
concentration
enhances
energy
dissipation
efficiency,
thereby
reducing
hysteresis.
resulting
hydrogel
exhibited
exceptional
properties,
including
stretchability
(≈900%),
(less
than
7%),
(1.34
MJ
m
Advanced Functional Materials,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Авг. 24, 2024
Abstract
The
intricate
muscle
arrangement
structure
endows
the
biological
tissues
with
unique
mechanical
properties.
Inspired
by
that,
a
mechanically
robust
and
multifunctional
anisotropic
Polyacrylamide/Sodium
alginate/Zirconium
ion/Carbon
dots
(PAM/SA/Zr
4+
/CDs,
PSZC)
hydrogel
is
developed
through
synergistic
effect
of
mechanical‐assisted
stretching,
Zr
metal‐coordination
CDs
embedding.
resulting
exhibited
an
impressive
tensile
strength
2.56
MPa
exceptional
toughness
10.10
MJ
m
−3
along
stretching
direction,
attributing
to
oriented
alignment
PAM
SA
molecular
chains
induced
metal‐coordination.
dense
network
endowed
PSZC
excellent
anti‐swelling
performance,
achieving
swelling
ratio
only
1.7%
after
being
stored
in
water
for
30
days.
presence
conferred
remarkable
electrical
conductivity
2.15
S
−1
hydrogel.
Furthermore,
integration
carbon
imparted
fluorescence
properties,
rendering
it
visual
sensing
capabilities.
Overall,
straightforward
strategy
proposed
fabricating
suitable
underwater
sensing,
offering
valuable
insights
development
high‐performance
sensors.
Journal of Materials Chemistry B,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
12(12), С. 3092 - 3102
Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2024
Conductive
hydrogel
sensors
have
attracted
attention
for
use
in
human
motion
monitoring
detection,
but
integrating
excellent
biocompatibility,
mechanical,
self-adhesive,
and
self-healing
properties,
high
sensitivity
into
a
remains
challenge.
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
16(25), С. 32466 - 32480
Опубликована: Июнь 12, 2024
Multimodal
flexible
sensors,
consisting
of
multiple
sensing
units,
can
sense
and
recognize
different
external
stimuli
by
outputting
types
response
signals.
However,
the
recovery
recycling
multimodal
sensors
are
impeded
complex
structures
use
materials.
Here,
a
bimodal
sensor
that
strain
resistance
change
temperature
voltage
was
constructed
using
poly(vinyl
alcohol)
hydrogel
as
matrix
poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrenesulfonate)
(PEDOT:PSS)
material
due
to
its
conductivity
thermoelectric
effect.
The
plasticity
hydrogels,
along
with
simplicity
sensor's
components
structure,
facilitates
easy
recycling.
incorporation
citric
acid
ethylene
glycol
improved
mechanical
properties,
hysteresis,
antifreezing
properties
hydrogels.
exhibits
remarkable
strain,
characterized
high
sensitivity
(gauge
factor
4.46),
low
detection
limit
(0.1%),
fast
times,
minimal
excellent
stability.
Temperature
changes
induced
hot
air
currents,
objects,
light
cause
exhibit
sensitivity,
time,
good
Additionally,
variations
in
ambient
humidity
minimally
affect
response,
remains
unaffected
changes.
recycled
essentially
unchanged
for
temperature.
Finally,
applied
monitor
body
motion,
robots
stimuli.
Microsystems & Nanoengineering,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
11(1)
Опубликована: Фев. 27, 2025
Abstract
In
recent
years,
the
utilization
of
3D
printing
technology
in
micro
and
nano
device
manufacturing
has
garnered
significant
attention.
Advancements
have
enabled
achieving
sub-micron
level
precision.
Unlike
conventional
micro-machining
techniques,
offers
versatility
material
selection,
such
as
polymers.
been
gradually
applied
to
general
field
microelectronic
devices
sensors,
actuators
flexible
electronics
due
its
adaptability
efficacy
microgeometric
design
processes.
Furthermore,
also
instrumental
fabrication
microfluidic
devices,
both
through
direct
indirect
This
paper
provides
an
overview
evolving
landscape
technology,
delineating
essential
materials
processes
involved
fabricating
times.
Additionally,
it
synthesizes
diverse
applications
these
technologies
across
different
domains.
