Addressing current climate issues in Pakistan: An opportunity for a sustainable future

Environmental Challenges, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 15, С. 100887 - 100887

Опубликована: Март 5, 2024

Climate change is an inevitable phenomenon and no longer a myth. new rising problem in South Asia; Pakistan suffers from its disastrous effects. This review examines the risks effects of climate Asia, particularly Pakistan. It seeks to illuminate recent floods' environmental, social, economic implications, analyze causes region's heightened susceptibility, evaluate current measures policies mitigate these The assessment also identify research policy gaps, environmental funding Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). results indicate that weather trends, including glacier melting, lake outburst floods (GLOFs), extraordinary monsoon rainfall, caused July September 2022. Pakistan's population more despite contributing less than 1% global greenhouse gas emissions. Rapid industrialization, fossil fuel use, plastic deforestation worsen situation. emphasizes benefits reservoir management dam development strengthening ecosystems reducing flood risks. stresses importance integrating into socio-economic political framework for sustainable outcomes. need comprehensive, coordinated agreements Asia. Governments can prevent build resilient future by prioritizing development, innovative adaptation methods, international collaboration. recommends increasing water-related research, improving risk mitigation strategies, using knowledge diverse domains develop combat change. alignment with SDGs indicates addressing injustice's fundamental improve strategies limiting temperature increases 1.5°C protect ecosystems, human health, stability, especially low middle-income countries where threats could impair SDGs.

Язык: Английский

---

GMD perspective: The quest to improve the evaluation of groundwater representation in continental- to global-scale models

Geoscientific model development, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 14(12), С. 7545 - 7571

Опубликована: Дек. 13, 2021

Continental- to global-scale hydrologic and land surface models increasingly include representations of the groundwater system. Such large-scale are essential for examining, communicating, understanding dynamic interactions between Earth system above below as well opportunities limits resources. We argue that both regional-scale have utility, strengths, limitations, so continued modeling at scales is mutually beneficial. A crucial quest how evaluate realism, capabilities, performance given their purpose addressing science or sustainability questions limitations in data availability commensurability. Evaluation should identify if, when, where achieve improvements exist such better purpose. suggest reproducing spatiotemporal details matching local not relevant goals. Instead, it important decide on reasonable model expectations regarding when a performing “well enough” context its specific The decision necessarily subjective even if evaluation criteria quantitative. Our objective provide recommendations improving representation continental- models. describe current strategies practices, we subsequently discuss value three strategies: (1) comparing outputs with available observations levels other state flux variables (observation-based evaluation), (2) several each without reference actual (model-based (3) behavior expert behaviors particular regions times (expert-based evaluation). Based evolving practices innovations observations, machine learning, elicitation, combining observation-, model-, expert-based approaches, while accounting commensurability issues, may significantly improve realism models, thus advancing our ability quantification, understanding, prediction problems. encourage greater community-level communication cooperation this quest, including among global hydrology modelers, regional hydrogeologists, hydrologists focused development evaluation.

Язык: Английский

---

Continental-scale evaluation of a fully distributed coupled land surface and groundwater model, ParFlow-CLM (v3.6.0), over Europe

Geoscientific model development, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 16(6), С. 1617 - 1639

Опубликована: Март 22, 2023

Abstract. High-resolution large-scale predictions of hydrologic states and fluxes are important for many multi-scale applications, including water resource management. However, the existing global- to continental-scale hydrological models applied at coarse resolution neglect more complex processes such as lateral surface groundwater flow, thereby not capturing smaller-scale processes. Applications high-resolution physically based integrated often limited watershed scales, neglecting mesoscale climate effects on cycle. We implemented an integrated, coupled land model, ParFlow-CLM version 3.6.0, over a pan-European model domain 0.0275∘ (∼3 km) resolution. The simulates three-dimensional variably saturated groundwater-flow-solving Richards equation overland flow with two-dimensional kinematic wave approximation, which is fully exchange A comprehensive evaluation multiple variables discharge, soil moisture (SM), evapotranspiration (ET), snow equivalent (SWE), total storage (TWS), table depth (WTD) resulting from 10-year (1997–2006) simulation was performed using in situ remote sensing (RS) observations. Overall, uncalibrated showed good agreement simulating river discharge 176 gauging stations across Europe (average Spearman's rank correlation (R) 0.77). At local scale, well ET (R>0.94) against eddy covariance observations but relatively large differences SM WTD (median R values 0.7 0.50, respectively) when compared networks groundwater-monitoring-well data. performance varied between hydroclimate regions, best RS datasets being shown semi-arid arid regions most variables. Conversely, largest modeled (e.g., SM, SWE, TWS) humid cold regions. Our findings highlight importance both local-scale evaluations better understanding distributed uncertainties energy continental scales different large-scale, setup also forms basis future studies provides reference change impact projections climatology forecasting considering flows.

Язык: Английский

---

Hydro-pedotransfer functions: a roadmap for future development

Hydrology and earth system sciences, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 28(14), С. 3391 - 3433

Опубликована: Июль 29, 2024

Abstract. Hydro-pedotransfer functions (PTFs) relate easy-to-measure and readily available soil information to hydraulic properties (SHPs) for applications in a wide range of process-based empirical models, thereby enabling the assessment effects on hydrological, biogeochemical, ecological processes. At least more than 4 decades research have been invested derive such relationships. However, while methods, data storage capacity, computational efficiency advanced, there are fundamental concerns related scope adequacy current PTFs, particularly when applied parameterise models used at field scale beyond. Most PTF development process has focused refining advancing regression aspects remained largely unconsidered. systems not represented which built mostly agricultural soils temperate climates. Thus, existing PTFs ignore how parent material, vegetation, land use, climate affect processes that shape SHPs. The Richards–Richardson equation limited predicting parameters van Genuchten–Mualem functions, despite sufficient evidence demonstrating their shortcomings. Another issue relates diverging scales derivation application, whereby derived based laboratory measurements often being regional scales. Scaling, modulation, constraining strategies exist alleviate some these shortcomings mismatch between These addressed here joint effort by members International Soil Modelling Consortium (ISMC) Pedotransfer Functions Working Group with aim systematising providing roadmap guiding both use. We close 10-point catalogue funders researchers guide review research.

Язык: Английский

---

Ephemeral stream water contributions to United States drainage networks

Science, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 384(6703), С. 1476 - 1482

Опубликована: Июнь 27, 2024

Ephemeral streams flow only in direct response to precipitation and are ubiquitous landscape features. However, little is known about their influence on downstream rivers. Here, we modeled ephemeral stream water contributions the contiguous United States network of more than 20 million rivers, lakes, reservoirs, finding that contribute, average, 55% discharge exported from regional river systems, as defined by Geological Survey. Our results show connectivity a substantial pathway through which associated nutrients pollution may enter perennial drainage quality. We provide quantitative insight into implications differing interpretations regulatory jurisdiction under Clean Water Act, including current standard adopted Supreme Court 2023.

Язык: Английский

---

GLOBGM v1.0: a parallel implementation of a 30 arcsec PCR-GLOBWB-MODFLOW global-scale groundwater model

Geoscientific model development, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 17(1), С. 275 - 300

Опубликована: Янв. 12, 2024

Abstract. We discuss the various performance aspects of parallelizing our transient global-scale groundwater model at 30′′ resolution (30 arcsec; ∼ 1 km Equator) on large distributed memory parallel clusters. This model, referred to as GLOBGM, is successor 5′ (5 arcmin; 10 PCR-GLOBWB 2 (PCRaster Global Water Balance model) based MODFLOW having two layers. The current version GLOBGM (v1.0) used in this study also has layers, uncalibrated, and uses available data. Increasing from creates challenges, including increased runtime, usage, data storage that exceed capacity a single computer. show parallelization tackles these problems with relatively low hardware requirements meet needs users or modelers who do not have exclusive access hundreds thousands nodes within supercomputer. For simulation, we use unstructured grids prototype 6 parallelized using message-passing interface. construct independent total 278 million active cells cancel all redundant sea land cells, while satisfying necessary boundary conditions, distribute them over three continental-scale models (168 – Afro–Eurasia; 77 Americas; 16 Australia) one remaining for smaller islands (17 million). Each four partitioned into multiple non-overlapping submodels are tightly coupled linear solver, where each submodel uniquely assigned processor core, associated written during pre-processing, tiles. balancing workload advance, apply widely METIS graph partitioner ways: it straightforwardly applied (lateral) grid an area-based manner HydroBASINS catchments pre-sorting future coupling surface water. consider experiment simulating years 1958–2015 daily time steps monthly input, 20-year spin-up, Dutch national supercomputer Snellius. Given serial simulation would require 4.5 months set hypothetical target maximum h runtime. 12 (32 cores per node; 384 total) sufficient achieve target, resulting speedup 138 largest Afro–Eurasia when 7 (224 cores) parallel. A limited evaluation output United States Geological Survey (USGS) National Information System (NWIS) head observations contiguous was conducted. showed increasing results significant improvement steady-state compared model. However, quite similar, there much room improvement. Monthly multi-year terrestrial water anomalies derived models, however, favorably GRACE satellite. next versions further improvements more detailed (hydro)geological schematization better information locations, depths, pumping rates abstraction wells.

Язык: Английский

---

Artificial intelligence in groundwater management: Innovations, challenges, and future prospects

International Journal of Science and Research Archive, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 11(1), С. 502 - 512

Опубликована: Янв. 26, 2024

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in groundwater management is a transformative stage, characterized by innovation and challenges. This research paper explores the multilayered application AI this field, dividing its contributions, addressing associated challenges, revealing prospects future potential. AI-driven innovations are designed to revolutionize management, providing precise predictive modeling, real-time monitoring, data integration. However, these face challenges such as interpretability issues, specialized technical expertise requirements, limited quality quantity for effective model performance. In future, holds significant promise management. Advanced models can yield improved predictions behavior, identify vulnerable areas prone pollution depletion, prompt proactive interventions, foster collaborative platforms among scientists, policymakers, local communities. Collaborative driven offer potential synergistic engagement communities, collectively guiding resource Embracing AI's while remains pivotal sustainable resilient practices. By embracing landscape will continue evolve.

Язык: Английский

---

Agent-based models of groundwater systems: A review of an emerging approach to simulate the interactions between groundwater and society

Environmental Modelling & Software, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 175, С. 105980 - 105980

Опубликована: Фев. 17, 2024

Understanding how society can address and mitigate threats to groundwater sustainability remains a pressing challenge in the Anthropocene era. This article presents first comprehensive critical review of coupling Groundwater Models Agent-Based (GW-ABMs) four key challenges: (1) adequately representing human behaviour, (2) capturing spatial temporal variations, (3) integrating two-way feedback loops between social physical systems, (4) incorporating water governance structures. Our findings indicate growing effort model bounded rationality behaviour (Challenge 1 or C1) dominant focus on policy applications (C4). Future research should data scarcity issues through Epstein's Backward approach (C2), capture feedbacks via tele-coupled GW-ABMs, explore other modelling techniques like Analytic Elements (C3). We conclude with recommendations thrust future GW-ABMs highest standards, aiming enhance their acceptance impact decision-making formulation for sustainable management.

Язык: Английский

---

Modeling Groundwater Resources in Data-Scarce Regions for Sustainable Management: Methodologies and Limits

Hydrology, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 12(1), С. 11 - 11

Опубликована: Янв. 9, 2025

Groundwater modeling in data-scarce regions faces significant challenges due to the lack of comprehensive, high-quality data, impacting model accuracy. This systematic review Scopus-indexed papers identifies various approaches address these challenges, including coupled hydrological-groundwater models, machine learning techniques, distributed hydrological water balance 3D groundwater flow modeling, geostatistical remote sensing-based approaches, isotope-based methods, global downscaling, and integrated approaches. Each methodology offers unique advantages for assessment management data-poor environments, often combining multiple data sources techniques overcome limitations. However, face common related quality, scale transferability, representation complex hydrogeological processes. emphasizes importance adapting methodologies specific regional contexts availability. It underscores value provide robust estimates sustainable management. The choice method ultimately depends on objectives, study, available region interest. Future research should focus improving integration diverse sources, enhancing processes simplified developing uncertainty quantification methods tailored conditions.

Язык: Английский

---

The Water Table Model (WTM) (v2.0.1): coupled groundwater and dynamic lake modelling

Geoscientific model development, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 18(5), С. 1463 - 1486

Опубликована: Март 10, 2025

Abstract. Ice-free land comprises 26 % of the Earth's surface and holds liquid water that delineates ecosystems, affects global geochemical cycling, modulates sea levels. However, we currently lack capacity to simulate predict these terrestrial changes across full range relevant spatial (watershed global) temporal (monthly millennial) scales. To address this knowledge gap, present Water Table Model (WTM), which integrates coupled components compute dynamic lake groundwater The component solves 2D horizontal flow equation using non-linear solvers from C++ PETSc (Portable, Extensible Toolkit for Scientific Computation) library. makes use Fill–Spill–Merge (FSM) algorithm move into lakes, where it may evaporate or affect flow. In a proof-of-concept application, demonstrate continental-scale capabilities WTM by simulating steady-state climate-driven table day Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 21 000 calendar years before present) North American continent. During LGM, America stored an additional 14.98 cm sea-level equivalent (SLE) in lakes compared present-day scenario. We compare result other simulations real-world data. Open-source code is available on GitHub Zenodo.

Язык: Английский

---