Magnesium in Man: Implications for Health and Disease

Physiological Reviews, Год журнала: 2014, Номер 95(1), С. 1 - 46

Опубликована: Дек. 24, 2014

Magnesium (Mg 2+ ) is an essential ion to the human body, playing instrumental role in supporting and sustaining health life. As second most abundant intracellular cation after potassium, it involved over 600 enzymatic reactions including energy metabolism protein synthesis. Although Mg availability has been proven be disturbed during several clinical situations, serum values are not generally determined patients. This review aims provide overview of function disease. In short, plays important physiological particularly brain, heart, skeletal muscles. Moreover, supplementation shown beneficial treatment of, among others, preeclampsia, migraine, depression, coronary artery disease, asthma. Over last decade, hereditary forms hypomagnesemia have deciphered, mutations transient receptor potential melastatin type 6 (TRPM6), claudin 16, cyclin M2 (CNNM2). Recently, transporter 1 (MagT1) were linked T-cell deficiency underlining cell viability. can consequence use certain types drugs, such as diuretics, epidermal growth factor inhibitors, calcineurin proton pump inhibitors. provides extensive comprehensive research few decades, focusing on regulation homeostasis intestine, kidney, bone disturbances which may result hypomagnesemia.

Язык: Английский

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Ketamine and Ketamine Metabolite Pharmacology: Insights into Therapeutic Mechanisms

Pharmacological Reviews, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 70(3), С. 621 - 660

Опубликована: Июнь 26, 2018

Ketamine, a racemic mixture consisting of (S)- and (R)-ketamine, has been in clinical use since 1970. Although best characterized for its dissociative anesthetic properties, ketamine also exerts analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant actions. We provide comprehensive review these therapeutic uses, emphasizing drug dose, route administration, the time course effects. Dissociative, psychotomimetic, cognitive, peripheral side effects associated with short-term or prolonged exposure, as well recreational use, are discussed. further describe ketamine's pharmacokinetics, including rapid extensive metabolism to norketamine, dehydronorketamine, hydroxyketamine, hydroxynorketamine (HNK) metabolites. Whereas analgesic properties generally attributed direct ketamine-induced inhibition N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, other putative lower-affinity pharmacological targets include, but not limited to, γ-amynobutyric acid (GABA), dopamine, serotonin, sigma, opioid, cholinergic voltage-gated sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels. examine evidence supporting relevance metabolites drug. Ketamine may have broader than was previously considered, given that HNK efficacy preclinical studies. Overall, target deconvolution will insight critical development new pharmacotherapies possess desirable ketamine, limit undesirable

Язык: Английский

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Neurotrophic Factor BDNF, Physiological Functions and Therapeutic Potential in Depression, Neurodegeneration and Brain Cancer

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 21(20), С. 7777 - 7777

Опубликована: Окт. 21, 2020

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is one of the most distributed and extensively studied neurotrophins in mammalian brain. BDNF signals through tropomycin receptor kinase B (TrkB) low affinity p75 neurotrophin (p75NTR). plays an important role proper growth, development, plasticity glutamatergic GABAergic synapses modulation neuronal differentiation, it influences serotonergic dopaminergic neurotransmission. acts as paracrine autocrine factor, on both pre-synaptic post-synaptic target sites. It crucial transformation synaptic activity into long-term memories. considered instructive mediator functional structural central nervous system (CNS), influencing dendritic spines and, at least hippocampus, adult neurogenesis. Changes rate neurogenesis spine density can influence several forms learning memory contribute to depression-like behaviors. The possible roles highlighted this review focus effect antidepressant therapies BDNF-mediated plasticity. Moreover, we will data that illustrate a potent protective able confer protection against neurodegeneration, particular Alzheimer’s disease. Finally, give evidence how involvement pathogenesis brain glioblastoma has emerged, thus opening new avenues for treatment deadly cancer.

Язык: Английский

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The Link between Depression and Chronic Pain: Neural Mechanisms in the Brain

Neural Plasticity, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 2017, С. 1 - 10

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2017

Chronic pain, as a stress state, is one of the critical factors for determining depression, and their coexistence tends to further aggravate severity both disorders. Unfortunately, association remains unclear, which creates bottleneck problem managing chronic pain-induced depression. In recent years, studies have found considerable overlaps between pain- depression-induced neuroplasticity changes neurobiological mechanism changes. Such are vital facilitating occurrence development pain this review, we summarized role in two disorders question explored individualized application strategies analgesic drugs antidepressants that different pharmacological effects treatment Therefore, review may provide new insights into understanding

Язык: Английский

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Neuronal calcium signaling: function and dysfunction

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, Год журнала: 2014, Номер 71(15), С. 2787 - 2814

Опубликована: Янв. 18, 2014

Язык: Английский

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Neuromodulatory properties of inflammatory cytokines and their impact on neuronal excitability

Neuropharmacology, Год журнала: 2014, Номер 96, С. 70 - 82

Опубликована: Ноя. 8, 2014

Язык: Английский

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Glutamatergic Signaling in the Central Nervous System: Ionotropic and Metabotropic Receptors in Concert

Neuron, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 98(6), С. 1080 - 1098

Опубликована: Июнь 1, 2018

Язык: Английский

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Extrasynaptic NMDA Receptor Involvement in Central Nervous System Disorders

Neuron, Год журнала: 2014, Номер 82(2), С. 279 - 293

Опубликована: Апрель 1, 2014

Язык: Английский

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NMDA receptor structures reveal subunit arrangement and pore architecture

Nature, Год журнала: 2014, Номер 511(7508), С. 191 - 197

Опубликована: Июнь 20, 2014

Язык: Английский

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Structure, function, and allosteric modulation of NMDA receptors

The Journal of General Physiology, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 150(8), С. 1081 - 1105

Опубликована: Июль 23, 2018

NMDA-type glutamate receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that mediate a Ca2+-permeable component of excitatory neurotransmission in the central nervous system (CNS). They expressed throughout CNS and play key physiological roles synaptic function, such as plasticity, learning, memory. NMDA also implicated pathophysiology several disorders more recently have been identified locus for disease-associated genomic variation. exist diverse array subtypes formed by variation assembly seven subunits (GluN1, GluN2A-D, GluN3A-B) into tetrameric receptor complexes. These show unique structural features account their distinct functional pharmacological properties allowing precise tuning roles. Here, we review relationship between structure function with an emphasis on emerging atomic resolution structures, which begin to explain this receptor.

Язык: Английский

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