Ten golden rules for reforestation to optimize carbon sequestration, biodiversity recovery and livelihood benefits

Global Change Biology, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 27(7), С. 1328 - 1348

Опубликована: Янв. 25, 2021

Abstract Urgent solutions to global climate change are needed. Ambitious tree‐planting initiatives, many already underway, aim sequester enormous quantities of carbon partly compensate for anthropogenic CO 2 emissions, which a major cause rising temperatures. However, tree planting that is poorly planned and executed could actually increase emissions have long‐term, deleterious impacts on biodiversity, landscapes livelihoods. Here, we highlight the main environmental risks large‐scale propose 10 golden rules, based some most recent ecological research, implement forest ecosystem restoration maximizes rates both sequestration biodiversity recovery while improving These as follows: (1) Protect existing first; (2) Work together (involving all stakeholders); (3) Aim maximize meet multiple goals; (4) Select appropriate areas restoration; (5) Use natural regeneration wherever possible; (6) species biodiversity; (7) resilient plant material (with genetic variability provenance); (8) Plan ahead infrastructure, capacity seed supply; (9) Learn by doing (using an adaptive management approach); (10) Make it pay (ensuring economic sustainability project). We focus design long‐term strategies tackle crises support livelihood needs. emphasize role local communities sources indigenous knowledge, benefits they derive from successful reforestation restores functioning delivers diverse range products services. While there no simple universal recipe restoration, crucial build upon currently growing public private interest in this topic, ensure interventions provide effective, sinks people.

Язык: Английский

---

Nature-dependent people: Mapping human direct use of nature for basic needs across the tropics

Global Environmental Change, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 71, С. 102368 - 102368

Опубликована: Окт. 4, 2021

Understanding where people depend the most on natural resources for their basic human needs is crucial planning conservation and development interventions. For some people, nature a direct source of food, clean water, energy through subsistence uses. However, high dependency makes particularly sensitive to changes in climate, land cover, tenure. Based more than 5 million household interviews conducted 85 tropical countries, we identified highly needs. Our results show that 1.2 billion or 30% population across are dependent nature. In places needs, nature-based strategies protect, restore sustainably manage ecosystems must be carefully designed promote inclusive alongside environmental benefits.

Язык: Английский

---

Forestation at the right time with the right species can generate persistent carbon benefits in China

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 120(41)

Опубликована: Окт. 2, 2023

Previous evaluations on the biophysical potential of forest carbon sink have focused forestation area distribution and associated stock for equilibrium-state forests after centuries-long growth. These approaches, however, limited relevance climate policies because they ignore near-term mid-term decadal uptake dynamics suitable species forestation. This study developed a roadmap to support China's "carbon neutrality" objective in 2060 by addressing three key questions forestation: where, with what species, when afforest. The results yielded high-confidence map China at resolution 1 km identified optimal native type or species. Our analysis revealed an additional 78 Mha up 2060s, 43% increase current area. Selecting maximal addition maximizing local environmental suitability enabled almost doubling potential. Progressive this can fix considerable amount CO

Язык: Английский

---

People plant trees for utility more often than for biodiversity or carbon

Biological Conservation, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 261, С. 109224 - 109224

Опубликована: Июль 7, 2021

Tree planting is both a promising and controversial solution to climate change biodiversity loss. However, this controversy largely theoretical because we lack detailed information of how tree proceeding on-the-ground. Here, compiled pantropical dataset 174 organizations determine the type involved in planting, their geographic locations approaches. We found that number have increased by 288% past 30 years, especially for-profit organizations. These reported nearly 1.4 billion trees across 74 countries since 1961. Most frequently establishing agroforestry systems or mixed species single plantations using assisted natural regeneration, suggesting programs are designed support local communities as well environmental objectives. Moreover, most were commercial utilitarian, with top five including cacao, teak, moringa, mango coffee. Finally, despite widespread efforts plant more trees, there was pronounced monitoring on websites reports; only 18% mention at all, 5% measuring survival rate plantings. Greater transparency greater communication needed between researchers apply effective ways restore forest cover. Further, while often aimed counter problems, use same sets commercially useful meet economic development goals global indicates need for coordination among avoid biotic homogenization.

Язык: Английский

---

How Social Considerations Improve the Equity and Effectiveness of Ecosystem Restoration

BioScience, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 73(2), С. 134 - 148

Опубликована: Дек. 14, 2022

Ecosystem restoration is an important means to address global sustainability challenges. However, scientific and policy discourse often overlooks the social processes that influence equity effectiveness of interventions. In present article, we outline how are critical can be better incorporated in science policy. Drawing from existing case studies, show projects align with local people's preferences implemented through inclusive governance more likely lead improved social, ecological, environmental outcomes. To underscore importance considerations restoration, overlay priority maps, population, Human Development Index (HDI) approximately 1.4 billion people, disproportionately belonging groups low HDI, live areas identified by previous studies as being high priority. We conclude five action points for promote equity-centered restoration.

Язык: Английский

---

Soil Conservation Benefits of Ecological Programs Promote Sustainable Restoration

Earth s Future, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 13(1)

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2025

Abstract Ecological restoration efforts in less developed regions confront a sustainability challenge due to the undervaluation of their substantive benefits. Soil conservation, as crucial ecosystem service supporting both ecological and socioeconomic systems regions, is often overlooked estimating benefits efforts. We introduce framework that integrates multi‐model approach scenario analysis on cloud computing platforms capture significance soil conservation by assessing world's largest programs from China. Our reveals these programs, with total investment $133 billion, have prevented 7.29 ± 1.01 Pg erosion, valued at $243.0 25.9 billion 2000 2019. Notably, two critical synergize forest cropland conversion, human well‐being China's account for approximately 85% findings underscore significantly enhance prioritization reinforcing potential global contribute sustainable future.

Язык: Английский

---

How can massive ecological restoration programs interplay with social-ecological systems? A review of research in the South China karst region

The Science of The Total Environment, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 807, С. 150723 - 150723

Опубликована: Окт. 4, 2021

Язык: Английский

---

The political ecology playbook for ecosystem restoration: Principles for effective, equitable, and transformative landscapes

Global Environmental Change, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 70, С. 102320 - 102320

Опубликована: Авг. 12, 2021

• Restoration should address underlying causes of degradation. The Playbook addresses political-economic perspectives within specific contexts. Ten principles how to achieve resilient and equitable ecosystem restoration. Local landscape processes are intricately linked national global scales. aims ecologically, socially economically just landscapes. urgency restoring ecosystems improve human wellbeing mitigate climate biodiversity crises is attracting attention. UN Decade on Ecosystem (2021–2030) a call action support the restoration degraded ecosystems. And yet, many forest efforts, for instance, have failed meet goals; indeed, they worsened social precarities ecological conditions. By merely focusing symptoms loss degradation, these interventions neglected issues equity justice driving decline. To root causes, thus creating sustainable solutions, we develop Political Ecology Restoration. We outline set ten achieving long-lasting, resilient, These guided by political ecology, framework that environmental concerns from broadly economic perspective, attending power, politics, geographic historical Drawing chain explanation , this multi-scale, cross-landscapes produce healthy relationships between people nature socially, – while recognizing such relationships. argue guide worldwide.

Язык: Английский

---

We need biosphere stewardship that protects carbon sinks and builds resilience

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 118(38)

Опубликована: Сен. 15, 2021

Earth’s biosphere, its extraordinary and complex web of species ecosystems on land in the oceans, drives life-sustaining cycles water other materials that enable all life Earth to thrive. The biosphere is also a principal driver immense negative feedback loops system stabilize atmospheric CO2 concentrations thereby global climate—including carbon sequestration by vegetation, soils, oceans. As such, have played central role keeping our planet’s climate unusually stable throughout last 11,700 years (i.e., inter-glacial Holocene). During this epoch, mean temperatures oscillated only about 1 °C around pre-industrial average, providing unique conditions allowed human civilizations flourish. Today, ocean remove 50% anthropogenic emissions from atmosphere each year (1), an biophysical feat, given these risen approximately 4 gigatonnes (GtC) per 1960 11 GtC today. Put another way, half “climate debt” removed, for free, every year—a vast subsidy world economy. Safeguarding further degradation or collapse existential challenge humanity. There are important steps we can take contain damage. Image credit: Shutterstock/Kritskiy-ua. recent Working Group report sixth assessment Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change (IPCC) confirmed major nature contribution stability, estimating cumulative oceans be 56% human-caused between 1850 2019 (2). All models whose simulations give us hope meeting target Paris Agreement—to keep warming well below 2 °C—take continued provision gigantic endowment granted, merely … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may addressed. Email: johan.rockstrom{at}pik-potsdam.de. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1

Язык: Английский

---

Radical interventions for climate-impacted systems

Nature Climate Change, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 12(12), С. 1100 - 1106

Опубликована: Дек. 1, 2022

Язык: Английский

---