Activation
of
the
extracellular
signal
regulated
kinase-2
(ERK2)
by
phosphorylation
has
been
shown
to
involve
changes
in
protein
dynamics,
as
determined
hydrogen-deuterium
exchange
mass
spectrometry
(HDX-MS)
and
NMR
relaxation
dispersion
measurements.
These
can
be
described
a
global
between
two
conformational
states
active
kinase,
named
“L”
“R”,
where
R
is
associated
with
catalytically
productive
ATP-binding
mode.
An
ATP-competitive
ERK1/2
inhibitor,
Vertex-11e,
properties
conformation
selection
for
R-state,
revealing
movements
activation
loop
that
are
allosterically
coupled
kinase
site.
However,
features
inhibitors
important
R-state
unknown.
Here
we
survey
panel
ERK
using
HDX-MS
identify
14
new
molecules
selection.
They
reveal
effects
propagated
distal
regions
P+1
helix
αF
segments
surrounding
loop,
well
αL16.
Crystal
structures
inhibitor
complexes
ERK2
systematic
shifts
Gly
αC,
mediated
Tyr-Tyr
ring
stacking
interaction
conserved
Lys-Glu
salt
bridge.
The
findings
suggest
model
involving
small
N-lobe
promote
compactness
within
site
alter
mobility
loop.
Such
might
exploited
modulate
docking
interface
used
substrates
effectors.
Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
9(1)
Опубликована: Авг. 14, 2024
Abstract
Receptor
tyrosine
kinases
(RTKs),
a
category
of
transmembrane
receptors,
have
gained
significant
clinical
attention
in
oncology
due
to
their
central
role
cancer
pathogenesis.
Genetic
alterations,
including
mutations,
amplifications,
and
overexpression
certain
RTKs,
are
critical
creating
environments
conducive
tumor
development.
Following
discovery,
extensive
research
has
revealed
how
RTK
dysregulation
contributes
oncogenesis,
with
many
subtypes
showing
dependency
on
aberrant
signaling
for
proliferation,
survival
progression.
These
findings
paved
the
way
targeted
therapies
that
aim
inhibit
crucial
biological
pathways
cancer.
As
result,
RTKs
emerged
as
primary
targets
anticancer
therapeutic
Over
past
two
decades,
this
led
synthesis
validation
numerous
small
molecule
kinase
inhibitors
(TKIs),
now
effectively
utilized
treating
various
types.
In
manuscript
we
provide
comprehensive
understanding
context
We
explored
alterations
specific
receptors
across
different
malignancies,
special
dedicated
examination
current
inhibitors,
highlighting
potential
therapies.
By
integrating
latest
evidence,
seek
elucidate
pivotal
biology
efficacy
inhibition
promising
treatment
outcomes.
Activation
of
the
extracellular
signal-regulated
kinase-2
(ERK2)
by
phosphorylation
has
been
shown
to
involve
changes
in
protein
dynamics,
as
determined
hydrogen-deuterium
exchange
mass
spectrometry
(HDX-MS)
and
NMR
relaxation
dispersion
measurements.
These
can
be
described
a
global
between
two
conformational
states
active
kinase,
named
‘L’
‘R,’
where
R
is
associated
with
catalytically
productive
ATP-binding
mode.
An
ATP-competitive
ERK1/2
inhibitor,
Vertex-11e,
properties
conformation
selection
for
R-state,
revealing
movements
activation
loop
that
are
allosterically
coupled
kinase
site.
However,
features
inhibitors
important
R-state
unknown.
Here,
we
survey
panel
ERK
using
HDX-MS
identify
14
new
molecules
selection.
They
reveal
effects
propagated
distal
regions
P
+1
helix
αF
segments
surrounding
loop,
well
αL16.
Crystal
structures
inhibitor
complexes
ERK2
systematic
shifts
Gly
αC,
mediated
Tyr-Tyr
ring
stacking
interaction
conserved
Lys-Glu
salt
bridge.
The
findings
suggest
model
involving
small
N-lobe
promote
compactness
within
site
alter
mobility
loop.
Such
might
exploited
modulate
docking
interface
used
substrates
effectors.
Activation
of
the
extracellular
signal-regulated
kinase-2
(ERK2)
by
phosphorylation
has
been
shown
to
involve
changes
in
protein
dynamics,
as
determined
hydrogen-deuterium
exchange
mass
spectrometry
(HDX-MS)
and
NMR
relaxation
dispersion
measurements.
These
can
be
described
a
global
between
two
conformational
states
active
kinase,
named
‘L’
‘R,’
where
R
is
associated
with
catalytically
productive
ATP-binding
mode.
An
ATP-competitive
ERK1/2
inhibitor,
Vertex-11e,
properties
conformation
selection
for
R-state,
revealing
movements
activation
loop
that
are
allosterically
coupled
kinase
site.
However,
features
inhibitors
important
R-state
unknown.
Here,
we
survey
panel
ERK
using
HDX-MS
identify
14
new
molecules
selection.
They
reveal
effects
propagated
distal
regions
P
+1
helix
αF
segments
surrounding
loop,
well
αL16.
Crystal
structures
inhibitor
complexes
ERK2
systematic
shifts
Gly
αC,
mediated
Tyr-Tyr
ring
stacking
interaction
conserved
Lys-Glu
salt
bridge.
The
findings
suggest
model
involving
small
N-lobe
promote
compactness
within
site
alter
mobility
loop.
Such
might
exploited
modulate
docking
interface
used
substrates
effectors.
Abstract
Mitogen-activated
protein
kinases
1
and
3
(MAPK1
MAPK3),
also
called
extracellular
regulated
(ERK2
ERK1),
are
serine/threonine
kinase
activated
downstream
by
the
Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK
signal
transduction
cascade
that
regulates
a
variety
of
cellular
processes.
A
dysregulation
MAPK
is
frequently
associated
to
missense
mutations
on
its
components
may
be
related
many
pathologies,
including
cancer.
In
this
study
we
selected
from
COSMIC
database
set
MAPK1
MAPK3
somatic
variants
found
in
cancer
tissues
carrying
distributed
all
over
sequences.
The
proteins
were
expressed
as
pure
recombinant
proteins,
their
biochemical
biophysical
properties
have
been
studied
comparison
with
wild
type.
lead
changes
tertiary
arrangements
variants.
thermodynamic
stability
type
has
investigated
non-phosphorylated
phosphorylated
form.
Significant
differences
thermal
stabilities
most
observed,
well
catalytic
efficiencies.
energetics
reaction
affected
for
both
proteins.
variation
enzyme
catalysis
observed
MAPK1/3
suggest
local
change
residue,
distant
site,
long-distance
effects
reflect
globally
functions.
bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory),
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Авг. 16, 2024
Abstract
Paradoxical
RAF
activation
by
chemical
inhibitors
(RAFi)
is
a
well-understood
‘on-target’
biological
and
clinical
response.
In
this
study,
we
show
that
range
of
RAFi
drive
ERK1/2-independent
the
Unfolded
Protein
Response
(UPR),
including
expression
ATF4
CHOP,
required
translation
initiation
factor
eIF2α.
RAFi-induced
CHOP
was
not
reversed
inhibition
PERK,
known
upstream
activator
eIF2α-dependent
Integrated
Stress
(ISR).
Rather,
found
exposure
activated
GCN2,
an
alternate
eIF2α
kinase,
leading
to
(and
ERK1/2-independent)
expression.
The
GCN2
kinase
inhibitor
A-92,
RNAi,
knock-out
or
ISRIB
(an
antagonist)
all
indicating
require
activate
ISR.
also
full-length
recombinant
in
vitro
cells,
generating
characteristic
‘bell-shaped’
concentration-response
curve,
reminiscent
RAFi-driven
paradoxical
WT
dimers.
Activation
ISR
abolished
dead
mutations
M802A
M802G
gatekeeper
mutations,
suggesting
bind
directly
domain;
supported
mechanistic
structural
models
interaction
with
GCN2.
Since
critical
pathway
for
determining
cell
survival
death,
our
observations
may
be
relevant
use
RAFi,
where
previously
unappreciated
off-target
effect
modulate
tumour
responses.
bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory),
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Авг. 13, 2023
Abstract
KRAS
hotspot
mutations
are
difficult
to
target,
highlighting
the
need
of
developing
new
specific
target
drugs
for
cancers
driven
by
these
mutations,
like
colorectal
cancer
(CRC).
Here,
we
discover
a
ruthenium
compound,
PMC79,
that
inhibits
specifically
mutated
and
downstream
signaling
ERK
AKT
proteins
both
“in
vitro”
vivo”.
We
demonstrated
PMC79
kinase
activity
is
selective
not
affecting
wild-type
protein.
inhibition
dependent
on
actin
polymerization
or
proteasome.
Molecular
docking
analysis
suggests
this
effect
might
result
from
protein
dynamics
associated
with
mutations.
low
doses
potentiate
5-fluorouracil
anticancer
effect.
“In
vivo”
“proof
concept”
showed
it
reduces
tumor
growth
in
CAM-xenograft
model
induces
necrosis
xenograft
mice
model.
promising
“magic
bullet”
CRCs
harboring
KRAS.
bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory),
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Сен. 12, 2023
ABSTRACT
Activation
of
the
extracellular
signal
regulated
kinase-2
(ERK2)
by
phosphorylation
has
been
shown
to
involve
changes
in
protein
dynamics,
as
determined
hydrogen-deuterium
exchange
mass
spectrometry
(HDX-MS)
and
NMR
relaxation
dispersion
measurements.
These
can
be
described
a
global
between
two
conformational
states
active
kinase,
named
“L”
“R”,
where
R
is
associated
with
catalytically
productive
ATP-binding
mode.
An
ATP-competitive
ERK1/2
inhibitor,
Vertex-11e,
properties
conformation
selection
for
R-state,
revealing
movements
activation
loop
that
are
allosterically
coupled
kinase
site.
However,
features
inhibitors
important
R-state
unknown.
Here
we
survey
panel
ERK
using
HDX-MS
identify
14
new
molecules
selection.
They
reveal
effects
propagated
distal
regions
P+1
helix
αF
segments
surrounding
loop,
well
αL16.
Crystal
structures
inhibitor
complexes
ERK2
systematic
shifts
Gly
αC,
mediated
Tyr-Tyr
ring
stacking
interaction
conserved
Lys-Glu
salt
bridge.
The
findings
suggest
model
involving
small
N-lobe
promote
compactness
within
site
alter
mobility
loop.
Such
might
exploited
modulate
docking
interface
used
substrates
effectors.