Ecological Applications,
Год журнала:
2014,
Номер
25(4), С. 991 - 1002
Опубликована: Дек. 26, 2014
Approaches
based
on
organismal
DNA
found
in
the
environment
(eDNA)
have
become
increasingly
utilized
for
ecological
studies
and
biodiversity
inventories
as
an
alternative
to
traditional
field
survey
methods.
Such
DNA‐based
techniques
largely
been
used
establish
presence
of
free‐living
organisms,
but
much
potential
detecting
quantifying
infectious
agents
environment,
which
is
necessary
evaluate
disease
risk.
We
developed
eDNA
method
examine
distribution
abundance
trematode
Ribeiroia
ondatrae
,
a
pathogenic
parasite
known
cause
malformations
North
American
amphibians.
In
addition
comparing
this
approach
classical
host
necropsy,
we
examined
detectability
R.
water
samples
subject
different
degradation
conditions
(time
temperature).
Our
test
exhibited
high
specificity
sensitivity
capable
little
14
fg
(femtograms)
parasite's
(1/2500th
single
stage)
from
samples.
Compared
our
results
amphibian
quantitative
PCR
was
~90%
concordant
with
respect
detection
15
sites
also
significant
predictor
infection
abundance.
still
detectable
lab
after
21
days
at
25°C,
indicating
that
robust
conditions.
By
advantages
disadvantages
vs.
methods
determining
pathogen
field,
lower
cost
effort
associated
approaches
provide
many
advantages.
The
development
tools
critical
ecology,
wildlife
management
conservation
efforts
require
reliable
establishment
monitoring
pathogens.
Global Change Biology,
Год журнала:
2013,
Номер
20(2), С. 544 - 554
Опубликована: Ноя. 26, 2013
Abstract
Nutrient
loading
is
one
of
the
strongest
drivers
marine
habitat
degradation.
Yet,
link
between
nutrients
and
disease
epizootics
in
organisms
often
tenuous
supported
only
by
correlative
data.
Here,
we
present
experimental
evidence
that
chronic
nutrient
exposure
leads
to
increases
both
prevalence
severity
coral
bleaching
scleractinian
corals,
major
habitat‐forming
tropical
reefs.
Over
3
years,
from
June
2009
2012,
continuously
exposed
areas
a
reef
elevated
levels
nitrogen
phosphorus.
At
termination
enrichment,
surveyed
over
1200
corals
for
signs
or
bleaching.
Siderastrea
siderea
within
enrichment
plots
had
twofold
increase
compared
with
unenriched
control
plots.
In
addition,
increased
bleaching;
Agaricia
spp.
suffered
3.5‐fold
frequency
relative
providing
empirical
support
hypothesized
bleaching‐induced
declines.
However,
1
year
later,
after
been
terminated
10
months,
there
were
no
differences
previously
enriched
treatments.
Given
our
enrichments
well
ranges
ambient
concentrations
found
on
many
degraded
reefs
worldwide,
these
data
provide
strong
idea
coastal
factors
contributing
increasing
also
suggest
simple
improvements
water
quality
may
be
an
effective
way
mitigate
some
corresponding
loss
cover
future.
Journal of Experimental Biology,
Год журнала:
2010,
Номер
213(6), С. 921 - 933
Опубликована: Фев. 26, 2010
Greater
than
70%
of
the
world's
amphibian
species
are
in
decline.
We
propose
that
there
is
probably
not
a
single
cause
for
global
declines
and
present
three-tiered
hierarchical
approach
addresses
interactions
among
between
ultimate
proximate
factors
contribute
to
declines.
There
two
immediate
(proximate)
causes
declines:
death
decreased
recruitment
(reproductive
failure).
Although
much
attention
has
focused
on
death,
few
studies
have
addressed
as
result
failed
recruitment.
Further,
great
deal
role
pathogens
inducing
diseases
but
we
suggest
pathogen
success
profoundly
affected
by
four
other
factors:
atmospheric
change,
environmental
pollutants,
habitat
modification
invasive
species.
Environmental
pollutants
arise
likely
important
because
they
realized
potential
affect
many
documented
immunosuppressive
effects
pesticides,
suggesting
contaminants
increased
virulence
disease
rates.
Increased
interact
with
addressing
this
crisis.
Diversity,
Год журнала:
2010,
Номер
2(2), С. 281 - 313
Опубликована: Фев. 25, 2010
As
part
of
an
overall
decline
in
biodiversity,
populations
many
organisms
are
declining
and
species
being
lost
at
unprecedented
rates
around
the
world.
This
includes
amphibians.
Although
numerous
factors
affecting
amphibian
populations,
we
show
potential
direct
indirect
effects
climate
change
on
amphibians
individual,
population
community
level.
Shifts
ranges
predicted.
Changes
may
affect
survival,
growth,
reproduction
dispersal
capabilities.
Moreover,
can
alter
habitats
including
vegetation,
soil,
hydrology.
Climate
influence
food
availability,
predator-prey
relationships
competitive
interactions
which
structure.
also
pathogen-host
dynamics
greatly
how
diseases
manifested.
interact
with
other
stressors
such
as
UV-B
radiation
contaminants.
The
among
all
these
complex
probably
driving
some
declines
extinctions.
Revue Scientifique et Technique de l OIE,
Год журнала:
2008,
Номер
27(2), С. 467 - 484
Опубликована: Авг. 1, 2008
Climate
change
is
predicted
to
have
important
effects
on
parasitism
and
disease
in
freshwater
marine
ecosystems,
with
consequences
for
human
health
socio-economics.
The
distribution
of
parasites
pathogens
will
be
directly
affected
by
global
warming,
but
also
indirectly,
through
host
range
abundance.
To
date,
numerous
outbreaks,
especially
organisms,
been
associated
climatic
events
such
as
the
El
Niño-Southern
Oscillation.
In
general,
transmission
rates
are
expected
increase
increasing
temperature.
Evidence
suggests
that
virulence
some
may
warming.
climate
superimposed
onto
other
anthropogenic
stressors
contaminants,
habitat
loss
species
introductions.
This
combination
work
cumulatively
or
synergistically
exacerbate
negative
organisms
populations.
Climatic
diseases
key
cascade
food
webs,
entire
ecosystems.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences,
Год журнала:
2009,
Номер
364(1534), С. 3429 - 3438
Опубликована: Окт. 15, 2009
Environmental
change
has
negatively
affected
most
biological
systems
on
our
planet
and
is
becoming
of
increasing
concern
for
the
well-being
survival
many
species.
At
an
organism
level,
effects
encompass
not
only
endocrine
disruptions,
sex-ratio
changes
decreased
reproductive
parameters,
but
also
include
teratogenic
genotoxic
effects,
immunosuppression
other
immune-system
impairments
that
can
lead
directly
to
disease
or
increase
risk
acquiring
disease.
Living
organisms
will
strive
maintain
health
by
recognizing
resolving
abnormal
situations,
such
as
presence
invading
microorganisms
harmful
peptides,
cell
replication
deleterious
mutations.
However,
fast-paced
environmental
may
pose
additional
pressure
immunocompetence
maintenance,
which
seriously
impact
population
viability
persistence.
Here,
we
outline
importance
a
functional
immune
system
examine
exposure
rapidly
changing
environment
might
exert
immunocompetence.
We
then
address
various
levels
at
anthropogenic
affect
wildlife
identify
potential
deficits
in
parameters
arise
owing
new
challenges
context
environment.
Throughout
paper,
series
examples
case
studies
are
used
illustrate
health.
