Sexual selection in hermaphrodites, sperm and broadcast spawners, plants and fungi

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Год журнала: 2016, Номер 371(1706), С. 20150541 - 20150541

Опубликована: Сен. 13, 2016

Darwin was the first to recognize that sexual selection is a strong evolutionary force. Exaggerated traits allow same-sex individuals compete over access mates and provide mechanism by which are selected. It relatively easy appreciate how inter- intrasexual work in organisms with sensory capabilities perceive physical or behavioural signal mate quality compatibility, assess relative of competitors. therefore not surprising most studies have focused on animals separate sexes obvious adaptations function context reproductive competition. Yet, many both male female at same time, often lack dimorphism never come into direct contact mating. How does act such species, what can we learn from them? Here, address these questions exploring potential for simultaneous hermaphrodites, sperm- broadcast spawners, plants fungi. Our review reveals range mechanisms selection, operating primarily after gametes been released, common groups also quite possibly more familiar (internally fertilizing sexually dimorphic) organisms. This article part themed issue ‘Weird sex: underappreciated diversity reproduction’.

Язык: Английский

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Sex-Determining Mechanisms in Bivalves

Springer eBooks, Год журнала: 2018, Номер unknown, С. 165 - 192

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2018

Язык: Английский

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The conserved fertility factor SPACA4/Bouncer has divergent modes of action in vertebrate fertilization

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 118(39)

Опубликована: Сен. 23, 2021

Significance We show that Bouncer’s homolog in mammals, SPACA4, is required for efficient fertilization mice. In contrast to fish, which Bouncer female fertility, SPACA4 expressed exclusively the sperm and male fertility. present an intriguing example of homologous proteins both play key roles reproduction yet diverged terms gene expression pattern mode action. Overall, our work identifies as important protein necessary zona pellucida penetration during mammalian fertilization. Since human also sperm, we anticipate findings mice will have relevance biology.

Язык: Английский

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Effects of Ocean Acidification and Warming on Sperm Activity and Early Life Stages of the Mediterranean Mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis)

Water, Год журнала: 2013, Номер 5(4), С. 1890 - 1915

Опубликована: Ноя. 19, 2013

Larval stages are among those most vulnerable to ocean acidification (OA). Projected atmospheric CO2 levels for the end of this century may lead negative impacts on communities dominated by calcifying taxa with planktonic life stages. We exposed Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) sperm and early pHT 8.0 (current pH) 7.6 (2100 level) manipulating pCO2 level (380 1000 ppm). Sperm activity was examined at ambient temperatures (16–17 °C) using individual males as replicates. also assessed effects temperature (ambient ≈20 pH larval size, survival, respiration calcification late trochophore/early D-veliger a cross-factorial design. Increased had effect percentage motile (mean response ratio R= 71%) swimming speed (R= 74%), possibly indicating reduced fertilization capacity in low concentrations. more prominent than pCO2, reducing performance (RSize = 90% RSurvival 70%) increasing energy demand (RRespiration 429%). observed no significant interactions between temperature. Our results suggest that might have larger impact very M. galloprovincialis OA predicted century.

Язык: Английский

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Evolution of egg coats: linking molecular biology and ecology

Molecular Ecology, Год журнала: 2015, Номер 24(16), С. 4052 - 4073

Опубликована: Июнь 19, 2015

One central goal of evolutionary biology is to explain how biological diversity emerges and maintained in nature. Given the complexity phenotype multifaceted nature inheritance, modern ecological studies rely heavily on use molecular tools. Here, we show tools help gain insight into role egg coats (i.e. extracellular structures surrounding eggs embryos) diversification. Egg are maternally derived that have many functions from mediating fertilization protecting embryo environmental hazards. They great molecular, structural functional across species, but intraspecific variability ecology coat evolution largely been overlooked. much variation influences function ultimately determined by their phenotype, cutting-edge (e.g. proteomics, glycomics transcriptomics), combined with assays, needed for rigorous inferences ecology. identify key research areas highlight emerging techniques can increase our understanding diversity, adaptation speciation.

Язык: Английский

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The evolution of gonad expenditure and gonadosomatic index (GSI) in male and female broadcast‐spawning invertebrates

Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 93(2), С. 693 - 753

Опубликована: Сен. 18, 2017

Sedentary broadcast-spawning marine invertebrates, which release both eggs and sperm into the water for fertilization, are of special interest sexual selection studies. They provide unique insight early stages evolutionary succession leading to often-intense operation pre- post-mating in mobile gonochorists. Since they sessile or only weakly mobile, adults can interact a limited extent with other their own fertilized offspring. consequently subject mainly on gamete production success, so high gonad expenditure is expected sexes. We review literature gonadosomatic index (GSI; proportion body tissue devoted production) gonochoristic broadcast spawners, we use as proxy expenditure. show that such taxa most often have GSI approximately equal When asymmetric, female usually exceeds male GSI, at least echinoderms (the majority species recorded). Intriguingly, though, higher also occurs some appears more common than female-biased certain orders gastropod molluscs. Our data suggest may be prevalent pattern casters (where males gametes). explore how might shaped these patterns using game theoretic models consider possible trade-offs (i) somatic maintenance (ii) growth, while considering competition, limitation, polyspermy. trade-off between (which increases survival) reproductive success) predict should two sexes when competition intense, probably spawners due synchronous spawning aggregations. Higher under low competition. Sperm limitation unlikely alter conclusions qualitatively, but act force keep high, close females. Polyspermy reduce GSI. predicted less (as observed data), occur ova/ovaries sufficiently resource-intensive produce sperm/testes, evidence exists. sex-specific gonads growth generate different life-history strategies females, beginning reproduction earlier. This could lead apparently empirical studies if immature females included calculations mean The existence nonetheless remains somewhat problematic requires further investigation. low, natural logarithm male/female ratio suitable level this considered an internally fertilizing taxa.

Язык: Английский

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Sperm competition risk drives rapid ejaculate adjustments mediated by seminal fluid

eLife, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 6

Опубликована: Окт. 31, 2017

In many species, males can make rapid adjustments to ejaculate performance in response sperm competition risk; however, the mechanisms behind these changes are not understood. Here, we manipulate male social status an externally fertilising fish, chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), and find that less than 48 hr, upregulate velocity when faced with increased risk of competition. Using a series vitro manipulation experiments, show mediated by seminal fluid effect on directly impacts paternity share therefore reproductive success. These combined findings, completely consistent theory, provide unequivocal evidence drives plastic adjustment quality, harbours mechanism for fitness benefits accrue from such adjustment.

Язык: Английский

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Sperm chemotaxis promotes individual fertilization success in sea urchins

Journal of Experimental Biology, Год журнала: 2016, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2016

Reproductive success fundamentally shapes an organism's ecology and evolution, gamete traits mediate fertilization, which is a critical juncture in reproduction. Individual male fertilization dependent on the ability of sperm from one to outcompete other males when searching for conspecific egg. Sperm chemotaxis, navigate towards eggs using chemical signals, has been studied over century, but such studies have long assumed that this phenomenon improves individual fitness without explicit evidence support claim. Here, we assess changes upon use chemoattractant-digesting peptidase microfluidic device coupled with assay determine effect chemotaxis sea urchin Lytechinus pictus. We show removing chemoattractant gametic environment decreases success. further find differences well-defined gradient attractant correlate These results demonstrate important contributor reproductive

Язык: Английский

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Egg chemoattractants moderate intraspecific sperm competition

Evolution Letters, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 1(6), С. 317 - 327

Опубликована: Ноя. 29, 2017

Interactions among eggs and sperm are often assumed to generate intraspecific variation in reproductive fitness, but the specific gamete-level mechanisms underlying competitive fertilization success remain elusive most species. Sperm chemotaxis-the attraction of by egg-derived chemicals-is a ubiquitous form gamete signaling, occurring throughout animal plant kingdoms. The chemical cues released known act at interspecific level (e.g., facilitating species recognition), recent studies have suggested that they could roles moderating competition. Here, we exploit experimental tractability broadcast spawning marine invertebrate test this putative mechanism sexual selection. We use fluorescently labeled mitochondrial dye mussels track real-time as compete fertilize eggs, provide first direct evidence any is moderated differential chemotaxis. Furthermore, our data consistent with idea egg chemoattractants selectively attract ejaculates from genetically compatible males, based on relationships inferred both nuclear genetic markers. These findings for exhibits ancestral strategy important implications numerous also rely sperm, including humans, potentially understanding evolutionary cascade

Язык: Английский

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Sperm Motility Impairment in Free Spawning Invertebrates Under Near-Future Level of Ocean Acidification: Uncovering the Mechanism

Frontiers in Marine Science, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 6

Опубликована: Янв. 8, 2020

Ocean acidification (OA) refers to the decrease in ocean water pH resulting from increasing absorption of atmospheric CO2. This will cause changes ocean's carbonate chemistry system with a impact on reproduction marine organisms. Reproduction is fundamental process that allows conservation species; free-spawning invertebrates, this highly sensitive seawater quality and chemistry. To date, majority studies concerned OA effects has been focused embryo larval development. Despite several evidence for impairment reproductive success by environmental perturbations through altering gamete quality, sperm physiological responses are poorly investigated. In study, we evaluated exposure acidified (pH 7.8), which approximate predicted global averages oceanic surface waters at end century, mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis ascidian Ciona robusta evaluating endpoints, such as motility, vitality, mitochondrial activity, oxidative state, intracellular (pHi). Following seawater, percentage motile spermatozoa, activity pHi decreased comparison current 8.1, whereas vitality state were unaffected low external both species. broadcast spawners, relationship between initiation motility well known. Spermatozoa immotile testes induced after spermatozoa released into seawater; alkaline fact, increases activating respiration. The results study suggest lowering occur 2100, inhibition increase, prevent activation. Sperm key determinant fertilization success; consequently, corresponding drop would be expected important implications fitness survival invertebrates.

Язык: Английский

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