Autism Spectrum Disorder: Brain Areas Involved, Neurobiological Mechanisms, Diagnoses and Therapies

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 25(4), С. 2423 - 2423

Опубликована: Фев. 19, 2024

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), affecting over 2% of the pre-school children population, includes an important fraction conditions accounting for heterogeneity autism. The disease was discovered 75 years ago, and present review, based on critical evaluations recognized ASD studies from beginning 1990, has been further developed by comparative analyses research clinical reports, which have grown progressively in recent up to late 2023. tools necessary identification its related pathologies are genetic epigenetic mutations affected specific interaction with transcription factors chromatin remodeling processes occurring within complexes brain neurons. Most often, ensuing effects induce inhibition/excitation synaptic structures sustained primarily, at dendritic fibers, alterations flat spine response sites. These relevant because synapses, established interactions neurons glial cells, operate as early key targets ASD. pathology is often suspected parents communities then confirmed experiences. final diagnoses mature patients completed combination neuropsychological (cognitive) tests electro-/magneto-encephalography specialized centers. comorbidities, induced such anxieties, depressions, hyperactivities, sleep defects, interact reinforce other diseases, especially schizophrenia. Advanced therapies, prescribed adult control symptoms disease, well-known drugs classical neurologic psychiatric practice. Overall, this review reports discusses advanced knowledge about biological medical properties

Язык: Английский

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Simultaneous analysis of single-cell gene expression and morphology provides new insight into how microglia change with age

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Март 1, 2025

Abstract Cellular morphology is intimately connected with function. While the link between and functional states has been studied extensively, role of subcellular transcript localization in cellular function remains unclear. Here we use microglia, brain’s resident macrophages, as a model to dissect interaction morphology, localization, Using multiplexed error-robust fluorescence situ hybridization combined fluorescent immunohistochemistry, analyzed distribution simultaneously young aged mouse brains. Our approach revealed how mRNA spatial organization varies across microglial states. We identified distinct patterns within processes uncovered morphological heterogeneity transcriptomically defined populations. Notably, found subpopulation disease-associated microglia ramified (displaying numerous processes), challenging conventional assumption Finally, that aging not only alters compartmentalized mRNAs but also reshapes their colocalization networks, shifting functions from synaptic maintenance phagocytic younger brains migration catabolic pathways older findings highlight shaping function, offering new avenues for studying modulating health, disease, aging.

Язык: Английский

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Altered odor perception in Dlgap2 mutant mice, a mouse model of autism spectrum disorder

Behavioural Brain Research, Год журнала: 2024, Номер unknown, С. 115365 - 115365

Опубликована: Дек. 1, 2024

Язык: Английский

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Early Postnatal Exposure to Midazolam Causes Lasting Histological and Neurobehavioral Deficits via Activation of the mTOR Pathway

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 25(12), С. 6743 - 6743

Опубликована: Июнь 19, 2024

Exposure to general anesthetics can adversely affect brain development, but there is little study of sedative agents used in intensive care that act via similar pharmacologic mechanisms. Using quantitative immunohistochemistry and neurobehavioral testing an established protocol for murine sedation, we tested the hypothesis lengthy, repetitive exposure midazolam, a commonly pediatric care, interferes with neuronal development subsequent cognitive function actions on mechanistic target rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. We found mice midazolam sedation group exhibited chronic, significant increase expression mTOR activity pathway markers comparison controls. Furthermore, both outcomes, deficits Y-maze fear-conditioning performance, neuropathologic effects exposure, including disrupted dendritic arborization synaptogenesis, were ameliorated treatment rapamycin, inhibitor. conclude prolonged, neural circuitry pathologic signaling during has lasting consequences structure function.

Язык: Английский

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Key Synaptic Pathology in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Genetic Mechanisms and Recent Advances

Journal of Integrative Neuroscience, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 23(10)

Опубликована: Сен. 29, 2024

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental characterized by impaired social interactions and verbal communication, accompanied symptoms of restricted repetitive patterns behavior or interest. Over the past 30 years, morbidity ASD has increased in most areas world. Although pathogenesis not fully understood, it been associated with over 1000 genes genomic loci, indicating importance complexity genetic mechanisms involved. This review focuses on synaptic pathology particularly variants involved structure functions. These include SHANK, NLGN, NRXN, FMR1, MECP2 as well other potentially novel such CHD8, CHD2, SYNGAP1 that could be core elements pathogenesis. Here, we summarize several pathological pathways supporting hypothesis caused mutations may pathogenic basis for ASD.

Язык: Английский

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Mitigating cognitive impairment in aging mice: Exploring the therapeutic potential of ischelium

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 687, С. 149173 - 149173

Опубликована: Окт. 29, 2023

To deeply explore the intervention effects of ischelium on cognitive memory decline in naturally aging mice and its potential mechanisms, we randomly divided into four groups: young control group (C), elderly (M), low-dose (L), high-dose (H). The experiment lasted for 12 weeks. We employed Y-maze test, open field conditioned fear test to evaluate functions each group. Through HE staining electron microscopy, observed morphological changes mouse hippocampus. RT-PCR was used detect expression factors related function hippocampus mice. analyzed Nrf2/HO-1 pathway inflammatory IL-1β TNF-α using elisa. Additionally, examined enzymatic activities SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, MDA compositional gut microbiota 16S technology. Our results indicate that effectively ameliorates impairments

Язык: Английский

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Effects of Treadmill Exercise on Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity and Expression of Related Proteins in Aging Mice

Rehabilitation Medicine, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 33(3), С. 241 - 250

Опубликована: Июнь 1, 2023

Язык: Английский

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