The
phenotypic
differences
between
the
sexes
are
generated
by
genes
with
sex-biased
expression.
These
range
from
a
few
major
regulators
to
large
numbers
of
organ-specific
effector
in
sexually
mature
individuals.
We
explore
variation
and
evolutionary
patterns
these
dataset
natural
populations
sub-species
species
mice
across
an
distance
2
million
years.
Intriguingly,
even
within
short
phylogenetic
distances,
we
find
extremely
fast
turnover
gene
expression
adaptive
protein
evolution.
To
capture
individual
variances
expression,
have
developed
index
(SBI)
that
represents
cumulative
all
for
each
organ.
SBI
distributions
often
overlapping
do
not
correlate
organs,
thus
defying
simple
binary
sex
distinction
given
Comparison
data
humans
shows
fewer
most
organs
strongly
sexes.
conclude
subject
particularly
evolution,
no
long-term
stability
male
or
female
characteristics
sex-related
characters
is
usually
bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory),
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Май 26, 2024
Abstract
The
phenotypic
differences
between
the
sexes
are
generated
by
genes
with
sex-biased
expression.
These
range
from
a
few
major
regulators
to
large
numbers
of
organ-specific
effector
in
sexually
mature
individuals.
We
explore
variation
and
evolutionary
patterns
these
dataset
natural
populations
sub-species
species
mice
across
an
distance
two
million
years.
Within
short
phylogenetic
distances,
we
find
faster
turnover
gene
expression
compared
non-sex-biased
adaptive
protein
evolution
for
that
given
taxon.
show
occur
only
subset
co-expression
modules
each
organ
taxa
occurs
often
within
main
modules.
Given
our
is
first
animals
was
combined
population
genetic
context,
were
interested
study
within-group
variances
somatic
gonadal
tissues
their
turnover.
To
visualize
individual
variances,
have
developed
index
(SBI)
represents
cumulative
all
organ.
SBI
distributions
can
close
binary
overlapping
sexes.
They
do
not
correlate
organs
same
individuals,
thus
supporting
mosaic
model
sex-determination
Comparison
data
humans
shows
fewer
strongly
conclude
subject
fast
evolution,
no
long-term
stability
male
or
female
characteristics.
Biology of Sex Differences,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
15(1)
Опубликована: Авг. 5, 2024
Abstract
Background
The
hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal
(HPA)
and
-gonadal
(HPG)
axes
are
two
major
pathways
that
connect
the
neural
endocrine
systems
in
vertebrates.
Factors
such
as
prenatal
stress
maternal
exposure
to
exogenous
steroids
have
been
shown
affect
these
during
fetal
development.
Another
less
studied
factor
is
transfer
of
hormones
across
fetuses
multifetal
pregnancies.
This
form
has
influence
morphology,
anatomy,
physiology,
behavior
offspring
litter-bearing
mammals,
an
termed
intrauterine
position
(IUP)
effect.
In
this
study,
we
sought
delineate
how
IUP
effects
HPA
HPG
brain
receptors,
peptides,
enzymes
(hereafter
components)
utero
influences
may
differ
between
males
females.
Methods
We
utilized
unconventional
model
culled
free-ranging
nutria
(
Myocastor
coypus
),
with
its
large
natural
variation.
collected
tissues
from
quantified
expression
key
components
three
regions:
prefrontal
cortex,
hypothalamus,
striatum.
Results
found
interaction
sex
mineralocorticoid
receptor
(MR),
gonadotropin-releasing
hormone
(GNRHR),
androgen
(AR),
estrogen
alpha
(ESR1).
was
significant
both
(GnRH)
GNRHR,
but
different
ways.
adjacent
same-sex
neighbors
had
higher
GnRH
than
neighboring
opposite
sex.
Conversely,
GNRHR
exhibited
inverse
pattern,
were
levels
those
same
Regardless
IUP,
most
showed
differences,
female
mRNA
male
fetuses.
also
highly
related
early
stages
gestation,
there
developmental
stage.
pregnancy,
component
more
correlated
males’,
last
trimester
each
other
female’s.
Conclusions
study
suggests
sexually
mechanisms
regulate
Higher
be
a
mechanism
help
females
cope
prolonged
over
long
gestational
period.
Additionally,
findings
suggest
coordination
requirements
Deleted Journal,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
97(5), С. 315 - 325
Опубликована: Авг. 15, 2024
AbstractHormones
can
induce
trait
development
in
one
species
yet
have
no
effect
on
the
same
a
closely
related
species,
but
mechanisms
underlying
these
differences
are
unclear.
Here,
we
compare
two
lizard
to
explore
cellular
associated
with
evolutionary
loss
of
hormonally
mediated
ventral
coloration.
The
eastern
fence
(
The
phenotypic
differences
between
the
sexes
are
generated
by
genes
with
sex-biased
expression.
These
range
from
a
few
major
regulators
to
large
numbers
of
organ-specific
effector
in
sexually
mature
individuals.
We
explore
variation
and
evolutionary
patterns
these
dataset
natural
populations
sub-species
species
mice
across
an
distance
2
million
years.
Intriguingly,
even
within
short
phylogenetic
distances,
we
find
extremely
fast
turnover
gene
expression
adaptive
protein
evolution.
To
capture
individual
variances
expression,
have
developed
index
(SBI)
that
represents
cumulative
all
for
each
organ.
SBI
distributions
often
overlapping
do
not
correlate
organs,
thus
defying
simple
binary
sex
distinction
given
Comparison
data
humans
shows
fewer
most
organs
strongly
sexes.
conclude
subject
particularly
evolution,
no
long-term
stability
male
or
female
characteristics
sex-related
characters
is
usually
The
phenotypic
differences
between
the
sexes
are
generated
by
genes
with
sex-biased
expression.
These
range
from
a
few
major
regulators
to
large
numbers
of
organ-specific
effector
in
sexually
mature
individuals.
We
explore
variation
and
evolutionary
patterns
these
dataset
natural
populations
sub-species
species
mice
across
an
distance
2
million
years.
Intriguingly,
even
within
short
phylogenetic
distances,
we
find
extremely
fast
turnover
gene
expression
adaptive
protein
evolution.
To
capture
individual
variances
expression,
have
developed
index
(SBI)
that
represents
cumulative
all
for
each
organ.
SBI
distributions
often
overlapping
do
not
correlate
organs,
thus
defying
simple
binary
sex
distinction
given
Comparison
data
humans
shows
fewer
most
organs
strongly
sexes.
conclude
subject
particularly
evolution,
no
long-term
stability
male
or
female
characteristics
sex-related
characters
is
usually
