(Non)Parallel Evolution

Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 49(1), С. 303 - 330

Опубликована: Авг. 15, 2018

Parallel evolution across replicate populations has provided evolutionary biologists with iconic examples of adaptation. When multiple colonize seemingly similar habitats, they may evolve genes, traits, or functions. Yet, replicated in nature the laboratory often yields inconsistent outcomes: Some along highly trajectories, whereas other to different extents distinct directions. To understand these heterogeneous outcomes, are increasingly treating parallel not as a binary phenomenon but rather quantitative continuum ranging from nonparallel. By measuring populations’ positions this (non)parallel continuum, we can test hypotheses about and ecological factors that influence extent repeatable evolution. We review evidence regarding manifestation laboratory, natural populations, applied contexts such cancer. enumerate many genetic, ecological, processes contribute variation

Язык: Английский

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Evolution of thermal tolerance and its fitness consequences: parallel and non-parallel responses to urban heat islands across three cities

Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 285(1882), С. 20180036 - 20180036

Опубликована: Июль 4, 2018

The question of parallel evolution-what causes it, and how common it is-has long captured the interest evolutionary biologists. Widespread urban development over last century has driven rapid responses on contemporary time scales, presenting a unique opportunity to test predictability parallelism change. Here we examine evolution in an acorn-dwelling ant species, focusing heat island signal ant's tolerance these altered temperature regimes. Using common-garden experimental design with acorn colonies collected from rural populations three cities reared under five treatments laboratory, assessed plastic shifts cold F1 offspring worker ants. In two cities, found evolved losses tolerance, compression thermal breadth. Results for were more complex: one city, evidence simple populations, though another, difference population depended laboratory rearing temperature, only became weakly apparent at warmest temperatures. appeared be adaptive, as our analysis fitness consequences warming revealed that while produced sexual reproductives warmer temperatures, fewer. Patterns natural selection tolerances supported findings trade-offs local adaptation across acted opposite directions between coldest Our study provides mixed support rise, and, importantly, suggests promising use non-parallel scales.

Язык: Английский

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Genomic architecture of parallel ecological divergence: Beyond a single environmental contrast

Science Advances, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 5(12)

Опубликована: Дек. 5, 2019

The study of parallel ecological divergence provides important clues to the operation natural selection. Parallel often occurs in heterogeneous environments with different kinds environmental gradients locations, but genomic basis underlying this process is unknown. We investigated genomics rapid adaptation marine snail Littorina saxatilis response two independent axes (crab-predation versus wave-action and low-shore high-shore). Using pooled whole-genome resequencing, we show that sharing regions high differentiation between generally low increases at smaller spatial scales. identify shared for each axis most these overlap candidate chromosomal inversions. Several inversion are divergent polymorphic across many localities. argue inversions could store variation fuels environments, possibly as balanced polymorphism by adaptive gene flow.

Язык: Английский

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Parallelism in eco-morphology and gene expression despite variable evolutionary and genomic backgrounds in a Holarctic fish

PLoS Genetics, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 16(4), С. e1008658 - e1008658

Опубликована: Апрель 17, 2020

Understanding the extent to which ecological divergence is repeatable essential for predicting responses of biodiversity environmental change. Here we test predictability evolution, from genotype phenotype, by studying parallel evolution in a salmonid fish, Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus), across eleven replicate sympatric ecotype pairs (benthivorous-planktivorous and planktivorous-piscivorous) two evolutionary lineages. We found considerable variability eco-morphological divergence, with several traits related foraging (eye diameter, pectoral fin length) being highly even This suggests repeated predictable adaptation environment. Consistent ancestral genetic variation, hundreds loci were associated within lineages eight shared variation was maintained despite histories, ranging postglacial sympatry (ca. 10-15kya) pre-glacial 20-40kya) secondary contact. Transcriptome-wide gene expression (44,102 genes) replicates, involved biological processes characteristic morphology physiology, revealed parallelism at level regulatory networks. not only plastic but part genetically controlled cis-eQTL. Lastly, that magnitude phenotypic largely correlated differentiation divergence. In contrast, direction change mostly determined interplay adaptive expression, ecosystem size. Ecosystem size further explained putatively adaptive, ecotype-associated genomic patterns lineages, highlighting role stochasticity evolution. Together, our findings demonstrate eco-morphology contingencies, overcoming variable histories backgrounds.

Язык: Английский

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The Past and Future of Experimental Speciation

Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 35(1), С. 10 - 21

Опубликована: Сен. 12, 2019

Experimental speciation is an excellent complement to snapshot studies of natural populations because it can disentangle recurring problems that confound populations.Experimental made early significant contributions understanding evolutionary processes mediating the evolution reproductive isolation.Over past decade, genomics has provided better predictions on how barrier loci spread in genome and speciation-with-gene-flow occur.These developments remain difficult test have not been widely adopted experimental research.Future integration genomic tools framework will provide a step-change these outstanding questions. Speciation result generate barriers gene flow between populations, facilitating isolation. typically studied via theoretical models tests populations. enables real-time direct theory long touted as critical other approaches. We argue that, despite its promise elucidate isolation, underutilised lags behind research. review recent experiments outline for be implemented address current questions are otherwise challenging answer. Greater uptake this approach necessary rapidly advance speciation. The progression outcome (see Glossary) depend interactions forces [1Ravinet M. et al.Interpreting landscape speciation: road map finding flow.J. Evol. Biol. 2017; 30: 1450-1477Crossref PubMed Scopus (256) Google Scholar] act with varying importance over space time either facilitate or impede isolation (RI) [2Abbott R. al.Hybridization speciation.J. 2013; 26: 229-246Crossref (1312) Scholar]. RI may arise through action genetic drift and/or divergent selection, continuous migration secondary contact, impacted by population size structure, influenced properties such mutation recombination rates [3Ortiz-Barrientos D. James M.E. Evolution 1519-1521Crossref (6) Understanding relative focus A classic highly successful studying involves identifying phenotypically trait testing association level extant [4McKinnon J.S. al.Evidence ecology's role speciation.Nature. 2004; 429: 294-298Crossref (381) Scholar, 5Le Pennec G. al.Adaptation dislodgement risk wave-swept rocky shores snail Littorina saxatilis.PLoS One. 12e0186901Crossref (25) 6Huber S.K. al.Reproductive sympatric morphs Darwin's finches.Proc. Soc. B Sci. 2007; 274: 1709-1714Crossref (116) increasing application high-throughput data (Box 1) used reconstruct history (e.g., demography) infer leading speciation, often timescale 3Ortiz-Barrientos 7Wolf J.B.W. Ellegren H. Making sense islands differentiation light speciation.Nat. Rev. Genet. 18: 87-100Crossref (241) This analogous use forward genetics study function gene, but applied RI. Here, begins phenotype proceeds identify potential caused build up diverged Many support success 4McKinnon However, method actually backward looking, reflecting static contributed divergence. Realistically, signals likely erased overwritten progresses. Thus, challenged deduce multiple impacting phenotypic factors influence sequentially simultaneously, same different directions, inferred histories.Box 1Speciation GenomicsThe reduced cost expanded ability 25Nosil P. al.Ecological explanations (incomplete) speciation.Trends Ecol. 2009; 24: 145-156Abstract Full Text PDF (513) Of interest distributed across genomes they evolve during Predicted patterns based whether geographically separated without flow, occurring initial divergence following contact. In allopatry, substantially constrained extent linkage strength selection producing contrast, speciation-with-gene-flow, opposed both erode associations genes under [82Nosil Feder J.L. Genomic causes consequences.Philos. Trans. 2012; 367: 332-342Crossref (255) genic view posits initiated acting against at specific targets interested initiate (through build-up disequilibrium) RI, including subsequent dependent architecture [25Nosil 26Nosil Harmon L. Niche dimensionality ecological speciation.in: Butlin R.K. Patterns Diversity. Cambridge University Press, 2009: 127-154Crossref 83Wu C.-I. process 2001; 14: 851-865Crossref (910) 84Turner T.L. al.Genomic Anopheles gambiae.PLoS 2005; 3e285Crossref (550) predicted depending primary [85Richards E. al.Searching era.bioRxiv. 2019; (Published online January 28, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1101/367623)Google Scholar].Speciation begun issues evolving response drift, their effect sizes, distribution, associations, builds increases, along inferring demographic [86Ellegren al.The species Ficedula flycatchers.Nature. 491: 756Crossref (421) 87Nadeau N.J. hybridizing Heliconius butterflies identified large-scale targeted sequencing.Phil. B. 343-353Crossref (235) 88Marques D.A. nuptial colour.PLoS 2016; 12e1005887Crossref (153) 89Smadja C.M. al.Large-scale candidate scan reveals chemoreceptor host plant specialization pea aphid.Evolution (N. Y). 66: 2723-2738Google there well-reviewed confounding influencing heterogeneity unrelated history, time, variation strength, timing [7Wolf 9Noor M.A.F. Bennett S.M. Islands mirages desert? Examining restricted maintaining species.Heredity (Edinb). 103: 439-444Crossref (266) 10Cruickshank T.E. Hahn M.W. Reanalysis suggests due diversity, flow.Mol. 2014; 23: 3133-3157Crossref (619) Scholar]), disentangling remains Models rate, direction magnitude tend rely summary measures comparing limited sets hypothesised scenarios. Additionally, impact sometimes clearly [5Le 90Jiggins C.D. Ecological mimetic butterflies.Bioscience. 2008; 58: 541-548Crossref (100) 91Le Rouzic A. al.Strong consistent associated armour reduction sticklebacks.Mol. 2011; 20: 2483-2493Crossref (56) 92Forbes A.A. al.Revisiting particular shifts initiating insect speciation.Evolution 71: 1126-1137Google Scholar], frequently characterise pressures – increasingly so further traced back history. differentiation, [93Langerhans R.B. Predictability parallelism multitrait adaptation.J. Hered. 109: 59-70Crossref (34) Alongside development which coestimate demography directly observe designed track powerful apply systems where observation unavailable. Laboratory (EE) challenges manipulating thought many generations then (ES) reverse function. It putative conditions therefore identifies circumstances ES complements (Table also stand-alone real time. several decades when influential contribution was last reviewed, 10 years ago Fry [8Fry J.D. Garland T.J. Rose Michael Evolution. California 631-656Crossref technique seemed poised exponentially accelerate outlined neglected well suited Since Fry's review, advanced incorporate more sophisticated ideas constraints Snapshot signatures conventional vexed inference problems, limiting [9Noor 11Westram A.M. Ravinet Land ahoy? Navigating while avoiding shipwreck.J. 1522-1525Crossref (3) provides potent controlling environmental approaches cannot 'A Selection New Challenges That Can Address').Table 1ES Studies Using Natural Populations Are Highly ComplementaryaSeveral advantages (bold) limitations each matched illustrate complementary nature.Laboratory-based ESComparative methods populationsRare (but important) serendipitous events missed unless experiment largeBetter represents given process, rather than just occurrenceStarting characteristics defined quantified priori researcherIn most cases, ancestral genomesTypically reliant upon standing aloneGreater de novo introgression from play roleEnvironment controlled kept constant manipulated manner, throughoutOften determine environment required delineate geography restricting flowMany effects laboratory adaptation. If adaptation occurred pre-EE, diversity lowerPopulations close equilibrium wildEvolutionary responses replicated series lines robustly link responsesNo true replication. Lack create uncertainty change variableEvolution traits what performed culture conditions. Low niche means only simple contrasts madeA much wider range selected ariseGene accurately reliably determined levels, local RIDifficult ongoing flowLimited subset organisms suitable EECan any diverging populationsEasy separate intrinsic extrinsic forms RILaboratory settings exclude aspects speciesCan assess full isolating mechanisms found wildPhenotypic collected high temporal resolution providing estimates hindsight underlying changesEven if reconstructed, single snapshot, dataExperiments cover short timescales subsets processLong (although histories must inferred)a Several nature. Open table new tab we decade examine progress original areas research progressed since applied. using combined enable rapid advances suggested could address: efficacy generating RI; types barriers; feasibility parapatric speciation; reinforcement summarise topics used, two fundamental ignored framework. To maintain differences emerge Barriers prezygotic (premating postmating, prezygotic) postzygotic stage, Initial relatively strong even arbitrary no clear mechanism conditions, disruptive did generally lead divergently had little relevance fitness few altered tested Most sexual conflict [12Parker G.A. Partridge Sexual speciation.Philos. 1998; 353: 261-274Crossref (364) 13Gavrilets S. Is "engine speciation"?.Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. 6: a017723Crossref (46) equivocal Subsequent work continues fail find [14Gay al.Does faster larger sexually antagonistic coevolution?.Biol. Lett. 5: 693-696Crossref 15Plesnar-Bielak al.No evidence bulb mite Rhizoglyphus robini.PLoS 8: 1-8Crossref (7) 16Debelle al.Sexual assortative mating: test.J. 29: 1307-1316Crossref (11) 17Reding L.P. hinders yeast.Biol. 9: 20121202Crossref (14) increase likelihood assessing [15Plesnar-Bielak One species, Drosophila melanogaster, independently laboratories one [18Syed Z.A. manipulation coevolution melanogaster.Sci. Rep. 7: 3330Crossref (

Язык: Английский

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Urbanization drives contemporary evolution in stream fish

Global Change Biology, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 24(8), С. 3791 - 3803

Опубликована: Апрель 27, 2018

Human activities reduce biodiversity but may also drive diversification by modifying selection. Urbanization alters stream hydrology increasing peak water velocities, which should in turn alter selection on the body morphology of aquatic species. Here, we show how urbanization can generate evolutionary divergence two species fish, western blacknose dace (Rhinichthys obtusus) and creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus). We predicted that fish evolve more streamlined shapes within urbanized streams. found urban streams, consistently exhibited bodies while showed deeper bodies. Comparing modern populations with historical museum collections spanning 50 years, (1) rapidly became bodied streams experienced over time, (2) had already achieved deepened years ago were then (and no additional deepening time), (3) remained relatively shallow stayed rural time. By raising from five under common conditions laboratory, morphological differences largely reflected genetically based differences, not velocity-induced phenotypic plasticity. suggest rapid, adaptive responses to disturbance, these vary unpredictably different

Язык: Английский

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The Evolutionary Dynamics of Mechanically Complex Systems

Integrative and Comparative Biology, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 59(3), С. 705 - 715

Опубликована: Май 23, 2019

Animals use a diverse array of motion to feed, escape predators, and reproduce. Linking morphology, performance, fitness is foundational paradigm in organismal biology evolution. Yet, the influence mechanical relationships on evolutionary diversity remains unresolved. Here, I focus many-to-one mapping form function, widespread, emergent property many systems nature, discuss how redundancy influences tempo mode phenotypic By supplying possible morphological pathways for functional adaptation, can release morphology from selection performance. Consequently, decouples diversification. In fish, example, parallel evolution weaker traits that contribute mechanically redundant motions, like suction feeding than with one-to-one form-function relationships, lower jaw lever ratios. As complexity increases, historical factors play stronger role shaping trajectories. Many-to-one mapping, however, does not always result equal freedom The kinematics complex often be reduced variation few high effect. various different four-bar linkage systems, output (kinematic transmission) highly sensitive size one or two links, insensitive others. faster rates are biased Mechanical sensitivity also results evolution-evolutionary transitions coupled transition linkages other words, dynamics actually approximate simpler, when strong. When examined macroevolutionary framework, same system may experience distinct selective pressures groups organisms. For performance tradeoffs organisms structure more functions. general, less and, sometimes, slower rate These trends unevenness lineage across tree life. Finally, informs our understanding relative roles determinism contingency

Язык: Английский

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Parallel Alpine Differentiation in Arabidopsis arenosa

Frontiers in Plant Science, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 11

Опубликована: Дек. 8, 2020

Parallel evolution provides powerful natural experiments for studying repeatability of and genomic basis adaptation. Well-documented examples from plants are, however, still rare, as are inquiries mechanisms driving convergence in some traits while divergence others. Arabidopsis arenosa , a predominantly foothill species with scattered morphologically distinct alpine occurrences is promising candidate. Yet, the hypothesis parallelism remained untested. We sampled populations all regions known to harbor ecotype used SNP genotyping test repeated colonization. Then, we combined field surveys common garden experiment quantify phenotypic parallelism. Genetic clustering by region but not elevation coalescent simulations demonstrated parallel origin four mountain regions. Alpine exhibited height floral which persisted after two generations cultivation. In contrast, leaf were distinctive only certain region(s), reflecting mixture plasticity genetically determined non-parallelism. demonstrate varying degrees causes non-parallelism across within plant species. along sharp gradient makes A. candidate

Язык: Английский

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A multivariate view of parallel evolution

Evolution, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 74(7), С. 1466 - 1481

Опубликована: Июнь 9, 2020

A growing number of empirical studies have quantified the degree to which evolution is geometrically parallel by estimating and interpreting pairwise angles between multiple replicate lineages' evolutionary change vectors in multivariate trait space. Similar comparisons, distance space, are used assess convergence. These approaches amount element-by-element interpretation matrices, typically testing for differences among vectors, compared a null hypothesis perfect parallelism. We suggest complimentary set approaches, co-opted from quantitative genetics, involving eigen analysis comparison among-lineage covariance matrices. Such allow one identify major axes (e.g., alternative adaptive solutions), also definition biologically tenable hypotheses, such as drift, against patterns can be tested. Reanalysis dataset across replicated lake/stream gradient threespine stickleback reveals that most variation direction captured just few dimensions, indicating greater extent parallelism than previously appreciated. applying may often necessary fully understand form convergent evolution.

Язык: Английский

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Compiling forty years of guppy research to investigate the factors contributing to (non)parallel evolution

Journal of Evolutionary Biology, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 35(11), С. 1414 - 1431

Опубликована: Сен. 13, 2022

Abstract Examples of parallel evolution have been crucial for our understanding adaptation via natural selection. However, strong parallelism is not always observed even in seemingly similar environments where selection expected to favour phenotypes. Leveraging this variation within well‐researched study systems can provide insight into the factors that contribute adaptive responses. Here we analyse results 36 studies reporting 446 average trait values Trinidadian guppies, Poecilia reticulata , from different predation regimes. We examine how extent predator‐driven phenotypic influenced by six factors: sex, type, rearing environment, ecological complexity, evolutionary history, and time since colonization. Analyses show guppies highly variable weak on average, with only 24.7% among populations being explained regime. Levels appeared be especially colour traits, decreased increasing complexity history (i.e., when estimates a single drainage were compared pooled between two major drainages). Suggestive – but significant trends warrant further research include interactions sexes categories. Quantifying accounting these other sources ‘replicates’ leveraged better understand which drive nonparallel aspects divergence.

Язык: Английский

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