Vitamin D Deficiency Meets Hill’s Criteria for Causation in SARS-CoV-2 Susceptibility, Complications, and Mortality: A Systematic Review
Nutrients,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
17(3), С. 599 - 599
Опубликована: Фев. 6, 2025
Clinical
trials
consistently
demonstrate
an
inverse
correlation
between
serum
25-hydroxyvitamin
D
[25(OH)D;
calcifediol]
levels
and
the
risk
of
symptomatic
SARS-CoV-2
disease,
complications,
mortality.
This
systematic
review
(SR),
guided
by
Bradford
Hill’s
causality
criteria,
analyzed
294
peer-reviewed
manuscripts
published
December
2019
November
2024,
focusing
on
plausibility,
consistency,
biological
gradient.
Evidence
confirms
that
cholecalciferol
(D3)
calcifediol
significantly
reduce
hospitalizations,
mortality,
with
optimal
effects
above
50
ng/mL.
While
vitamin
requires
3–4
days
to
act,
shows
within
24
h.
Among
329
trials,
only
11
(3%)
showed
no
benefit
due
flawed
designs.
At
USD
2/patient,
D3
supplementation
is
far
cheaper
than
hospitalization
costs
more
effective
standard
interventions.
SR
establishes
a
strong
relationship
25(OH)D
vulnerability,
meeting
criteria.
Vitamin
infections,
deaths
~50%,
outperforming
all
patented,
FDA-approved
COVID-19
therapies.
With
over
300
confirming
these
findings,
waiting
for
further
studies
unnecessary
before
incorporating
them
into
clinical
protocols.
Health
agencies
scientific
societies
must
recognize
significance
results
incorporate
prophylaxis
early
treatment
protocols
similar
viral
infections.
Promoting
safe
sun
exposure
adequate
communities
maintain
40
ng/mL
(therapeutic
range:
40–80
ng/mL)
strengthens
immune
systems,
reduces
hospitalizations
deaths,
lowers
healthcare
costs.
When
exceed
70
ng/mL,
taking
K2
(100
µg/day
or
800
µg/week)
alongside
helps
direct
any
excess
calcium
bones.
The
recommended
dosage
(approximately
IU/kg
body
weight
non-obese
adult)
50–100
cost-effective
disease
prevention,
ensuring
health
outcomes.
Язык: Английский
Harnessing nutrients and natural products for sustainable drug development against aging
Frontiers in Pharmacology,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
16
Опубликована: Апрель 28, 2025
Developing
treatments
for
age-related
diseases
requires
cost-effective
and
efficient
approaches.
Nutrients
natural
metabolites
offer
safer
alternatives
to
synthetic
drugs.
Aging
increases
the
need
solutions
that
protect
health
repair
cells.
Recent
studies
show
nutrients
products
reduce
oxidative
stress,
regulate
metabolism,
influence
longevity-related
genes.
This
review
focuses
on
vitamins,
minerals,
antioxidants,
improve
healthspan
combat
aging.
It
also
discusses
challenges
such
as
standardization,
clinical
validation,
regulatory
approval.
Finally,
emerging
trends,
personalized
nutrition
advanced
delivery
systems,
highlight
potential
of
these
addressing
Язык: Английский