Summary
The
barley
Mla
locus
contains
functionally
diversified
genes
that
encode
intracellular
nucleotide‐binding
leucine‐rich
repeat
receptors
(NLRs)
and
confer
strain‐specific
immunity
to
biotrophic
hemibiotrophic
fungal
pathogens.
In
this
study,
we
isolated
a
gene
Scs6
,
which
is
an
allelic
variant
of
but
confers
susceptibility
the
isolate
ND90Pr
(
Bs
)
necrotrophic
fungus
Bipolaris
sorokiniana
.
We
generated
transgenic
lines
showed
sufficient
in
genotypes
naturally
lacking
receptor.
Scs6‐
encoded
NLR
(SCS6)
activated
by
nonribosomal
peptide
(NRP)
effector
produced
induce
cell
death
Nicotiana
benthamiana
Domain
swaps
between
MLAs
SCS6
reveal
domain
specificity
determinant
for
receptor
activation
NRP
effector.
maintained
both
wild
domesticated
populations.
Our
phylogenetic
analysis
suggests
Hordeum
‐specific
innovation.
infer
bona
fide
immune
likely
directly
disease
barley.
study
provides
stepping
stone
future
development
synthetic
crops
are
less
vulnerable
modification
The Plant Cell,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
36(5), С. 1465 - 1481
Опубликована: Янв. 23, 2024
Abstract
Plant
diseases
are
a
constant
and
serious
threat
to
agriculture
ecological
biodiversity.
Plants
possess
sophisticated
innate
immunity
system
capable
of
detecting
responding
pathogen
infection
prevent
disease.
Our
understanding
this
has
grown
enormously
over
the
past
century.
Early
genetic
descriptions
plant
disease
resistance
virulence
were
embodied
in
gene-for-gene
hypothesis,
while
physiological
studies
identified
pathogen-derived
elicitors
that
could
trigger
defense
responses
cells
tissues.
Molecular
these
phenomena
have
now
coalesced
into
an
integrated
model
involving
cell
surface
intracellular
detection
specific
molecules
proteins
culminating
induction
various
cellular
responses.
Extracellular
receptors
engage
distinct
signaling
processes
but
converge
on
many
similar
outputs
with
substantial
evidence
for
integration
pathways
interdependent
networks
controlling
outcomes.
Many
molecular
details
recognition
known,
providing
opportunities
bioengineering
enhance
protection
from
Here
we
provide
overview
current
main
principles
immunity,
emphasis
key
scientific
milestones
leading
insights.
Nature,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
627(8005), С. 847 - 853
Опубликована: Март 13, 2024
Abstract
Plant
nucleotide-binding
leucine-rich
repeat
(NLR)
immune
receptors
with
an
N-terminal
Toll/interleukin-1
receptor
(TIR)
domain
mediate
recognition
of
strain-specific
pathogen
effectors,
typically
via
their
C-terminal
ligand-sensing
domains
1
.
Effector
binding
enables
TIR-encoded
enzymatic
activities
that
are
required
for
TIR–NLR
(TNL)-mediated
immunity
2,3
Many
truncated
TNL
proteins
lack
effector-sensing
but
retain
similar
and
4,5
The
mechanism
underlying
the
activation
these
TIR
remain
unclear.
Here
we
show
substrates
NAD
+
ATP
induces
phase
separation
in
vitro.
A
condensation
occurs
a
protein
expressed
its
native
promoter
response
to
inoculation
planta.
formation
condensates
is
mediated
by
conserved
self-association
interfaces
predicted
intrinsically
disordered
loop
region
TIRs.
Mutations
disrupt
impair
cell
death
activity
proteins.
Our
data
reveal
as
provide
insight
into
substrate-induced
autonomous
signalling
confer
plant
immunity.
Plants
deploy
cell-surface
and
intracellular
receptors
to
detect
pathogen
attack
trigger
innate
immune
responses.
Inside
host
cells,
families
of
nucleotide-binding/leucine-rich
repeat
(NLR)
proteins
serve
as
sensors
or
downstream
mediators
defence
outputs
cell
death,
which
prevent
disease.
Established
genetic
underpinnings
NLR-mediated
immunity
revealed
various
strategies
plants
adopt
combat
rapidly
evolving
microbial
pathogens.
The
molecular
mechanisms
NLR
activation
signal
transmission
components
controlling
execution
were
less
clear.
Here,
we
review
recent
protein
structural
biochemical
insights
plant
sensor
signalling
functions.
When
put
together,
the
data
show
how
different
families,
whether
transducers,
converge
on
nucleotide-based
second
messengers
cellular
calcium
confer
immunity.
Although
pathogen-activated
NLRs
in
engage
plant-specific
machineries
promote
defence,
comparisons
with
mammalian
receptor
counterparts
highlight
some
shared
working
principles
for
across
kingdoms.
Molecular Plant Pathology,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
25(3)
Опубликована: Март 1, 2024
Abstract
The
pattern‐triggered
immunity
(PTI)
response
is
triggered
at
the
plant
cell
surface
by
recognition
of
microbe‐derived
molecules
known
as
microbe‐
or
pathogen‐associated
molecular
patterns
derived
from
compromised
host
cells
called
damage‐associated
patterns.
Membrane‐localized
receptor
proteins,
pattern
receptors,
are
responsible
for
this
recognition.
Although
much
machinery
PTI
conserved,
natural
variation
exists
within
and
across
species
with
respect
to
components
recognition,
activation
response,
strength
induced.
This
review
describes
what
about
variation.
We
discuss
how
in
can
be
measured
knowledge
might
utilized
control
disease
developing
varieties
enhanced
resistance.
Journal of Integrative Plant Biology,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
66(3), С. 623 - 631
Опубликована: Янв. 30, 2024
ABSTRACT
Calcium
ions
(Ca
2+
)
are
crucial
intracellular
second
messengers
in
eukaryotic
cells.
Upon
pathogen
perception,
plants
generate
a
transient
and
rapid
increase
cytoplasmic
Ca
levels,
which
is
subsequently
decoded
by
sensors
effectors
to
activate
downstream
immune
responses.
The
elevation
of
cytosolic
commonly
attributed
influx
mediated
plasma
membrane‐localized
–permeable
channels.
However,
the
contribution
release
triggered
‐permeable
channels
shaping
signaling
associated
with
plant
immunity
remains
poorly
understood.
This
review
discusses
recent
advances
understanding
mechanism
underlying
signatures
upon
activation
receptors,
particular
emphasis
on
identification
receptors
as
non‐canonical
We
also
discuss
involvement
from
endoplasmic
reticulum
generating
during
immunity.
bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory),
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Июль 17, 2024
Abstract
Co-evolution
between
cereals
and
pathogenic
grass
powdery
mildew
fungi
is
exemplified
by
sequence
diversification
of
an
allelic
series
barley
resistance
genes
encoding
Mildew
Locus
A
(MLA)
nucleotide-binding
leucine-rich
repeat
(NLR)
immunoreceptors
with
a
N-terminal
coiled-coil
domain
(CNLs).
Each
immunoreceptor
recognises
matching,
strain-specific
effector
encoded
avirulence
gene
(
AVR
)
.
We
present
here
the
cryo-EM
structure
MLA13
in
complex
its
cognate
A13
-1.
The
adopts
RNase-like
fold
when
bound
to
planta
,
similar
crystal
structures
other
e
ffectors
purified
from
E.
coli
-1
interacts
via
basal
loops
C-terminal
leucine
rich
repeats
(LRRs)
central
winged
helix
(WHD).
Co-expression
structure-guided
substitution
variants
show
that
receptor–effector
interface
plays
essential
role
mediating
immunity-associated
plant
cell
death.
Furthermore,
combining
structural
information
MLA13–AVR
heterocomplex
alignments
MLA
receptors,
we
designed
single
amino
acid
MLA7
enables
expanded
detection
virulent
variant
-V2.
In
contrast
pentameric
conformation
previously
reported
effector-activated
CNL
resistosomes,
was
resolved
as
stable
heterodimer
expression
system.
Our
study
suggests
might
represent
output
distinct
resistosomes
highlights
opportunities
for
development
designer
gain-of-function
NLRs.
