Niche conservatism as an emerging principle in ecology and conservation biology

Ecology Letters, Год журнала: 2010, Номер 13(10), С. 1310 - 1324

Опубликована: Июль 22, 2010

Abstract The diversity of life is ultimately generated by evolution, and much attention has focused on the rapid evolution ecological traits. Yet, tendency for many traits to instead remain similar over time [niche conservatism (NC)] consequences fundamental patterns processes studied in ecology conservation biology. Here, we describe mounting evidence importance NC major topics (e.g. species richness, ecosystem function) climate change, invasive species). We also review other areas where it may be important but generally been overlooked, both food webs, disease ecology, mutualistic interactions) habitat modification). summarize methods testing NC, suggest that a commonly used advocated method (involving test phylogenetic signal) potentially problematic, alternative approaches. considering NC: (1) focuses within‐species cause conserved time, (2) emphasizes connections between questions research are not obviously related invasives, global warming, tropical richness), (3) suggests new why some clades largely nocturnal? do share diseases?).

Язык: Английский

---

Host and viral traits predict zoonotic spillover from mammals

Nature, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 546(7660), С. 646 - 650

Опубликована: Июнь 20, 2017

Analysis of a comprehensive database mammalian host–virus relationships reveals that both the total number viruses infect given species and proportion likely to be zoonotic are predictable this enables identification geographic locations where novel zoonoses found. Zoonotic viruses, many originating in wild mammals, pose serious threat global public health. Peter Daszak colleagues create relationships, which they analyse determine patterns virus distribution mammals. They identify various factors influence diversity as well predict per species. In doing so, The majority human emerging infectious diseases zoonotic, with originate mammals particular concern (for example, HIV, Ebola SARS)1,2,3. Understanding viral wildlife determinants successful cross-species transmission, or spillover, therefore key goals for pandemic surveillance programs4. However, few analytical tools exist host harbour next virus, can cross boundaries5,6,7. Here we conduct analysis show predictable. After controlling research effort, is predicted by phylogenetic relatedness humans, taxonomy population within range—which may reflect human–wildlife contact. We demonstrate bats significantly higher than all other orders. also taxa regions largest estimated 'missing viruses' zoonoses' highest value future surveillance. then breadth traits significant predictors potential, providing framework assess if newly discovered could people.

Язык: Английский

---

Prediction and prevention of the next pandemic zoonosis

The Lancet, Год журнала: 2012, Номер 380(9857), С. 1956 - 1965

Опубликована: Ноя. 30, 2012

Most pandemics--eg, HIV/AIDS, severe acute respiratory syndrome, pandemic influenza--originate in animals, are caused by viruses, and driven to emerge ecological, behavioural, or socioeconomic changes. Despite their substantial effects on global public health growing understanding of the process which they emerge, no has been predicted before infecting human beings. We review what is known about pathogens that hosts originate in, factors drive emergence. discuss challenges control new efforts predict pandemics, target surveillance most crucial interfaces, identify prevention strategies. New mathematical modelling, diagnostic, communications, informatics technologies can report hitherto unknown microbes other species, thus risk assessment approaches needed likely cause disease. lay out a series research opportunities goals could help overcome these move strategy from response pre-emption.

Язык: Английский

---

A comparison of bats and rodents as reservoirs of zoonotic viruses: are bats special?

Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Год журнала: 2013, Номер 280(1756), С. 20122753 - 20122753

Опубликована: Фев. 1, 2013

Bats are the natural reservoirs of a number high-impact viral zoonoses. We present quantitative analysis to address hypothesis that bats unique in their propensity host zoonotic viruses based on comparison with rodents, another important order. found indeed more per species than and we identified life-history ecological factors promote richness. More hosted by whose distributions overlap greater other same taxonomic order (sympatry). Specifically bats, there was evidence for increased richness smaller litters (one young), longevity year. Furthermore, our results point new explain part why species: stronger effect sympatry shared between bat suggests interspecific transmission is prevalent among rodents. Although species, total (61) lower rodents (68), result being approximately twice rodent as species. Therefore, should still be serious concern emerging viruses. These findings shed light disease emergence perpetuation mechanisms may help lead predictive framework identifying future infectious virus reservoirs.

Язык: Английский

---

The 10kTrees website: A new online resource for primate phylogeny

Evolutionary Anthropology Issues News and Reviews, Год журнала: 2010, Номер 19(3), С. 114 - 118

Опубликована: Май 1, 2010

The comparative method plays a central role in efforts to uncover the adaptive basis for primate behaviors, morphological traits, and cognitive abilities.1-4 has been used, example, infer that living larger group selects neocortex,5, 6 territoriality favors longer day range relative home size,7 sperm competition can account evolution of testes size.8, 9 Comparison is fundamental reconstructing behavioral traits fossil record, studies locomotion diet.10-13 Recent advances methods require phylogenetic information,2, 14-16 but our knowledge information imperfect. In face uncertainty about evolutionary relationships, which phylogeny should one use? Here we provide new resource primates enables users run analyses on multiple phylogenies Importantly, 10,000 trees are not random, instead use recent systematic create plausible set topologies reflect certainty some nodes tree other nodes, given dataset. also branch lengths.

Язык: Английский

---

The role of infectious diseases in biological conservation

Animal Conservation, Год журнала: 2009, Номер 12(1), С. 1 - 12

Опубликована: Янв. 28, 2009

Abstract Recent increases in the magnitude and rate of environmental change, including habitat loss, climate change overexploitation, have been directly linked to global loss biodiversity. Wildlife extinction rates are estimated be 100–1000 times greater than historical norm, up 50% higher taxonomic groups critically endangered. While many types changes threaten survival species all over planet, infectious disease has rarely cited as primary cause extinctions. There is substantial evidence, however, that diseases can greatly impact local populations by causing temporary or permanent declines abundance. More importantly, pathogens interact with other driving factors, such invasive pollution contribute Regrettably, our current lack knowledge about diversity abundance natural systems made it difficult establish relative importance a significant driver extinction, context when this most likely occur. Here, we review role biological conservation. We summarize existing disease‐induced at scales ecological evolutionary forces may facilitate disease‐mediated risk. suggest while alone currently few species, threat already‐endangered especially interacts drivers. identify control strategies help reduce negative effects on wildlife discuss critical challenges future directions for study conservation sciences.

Язык: Английский

---

Host Phylogeny Constrains Cross-Species Emergence and Establishment of Rabies Virus in Bats

Science, Год журнала: 2010, Номер 329(5992), С. 676 - 679

Опубликована: Авг. 5, 2010

For RNA viruses, rapid viral evolution and the biological similarity of closely related host species have been proposed as key determinants occurrence long-term outcome cross-species transmission. Using a data set hundreds rabies viruses sampled from 23 North American bat species, we present general framework to quantify per capita rates transmission reconstruct historical patterns establishment in new using molecular sequence data. These estimates demonstrate diminishing frequencies both shifts with increasing phylogenetic distance between species. Evolutionary constraints on range indicate that barriers may trump intrinsic mutability determining fate emerging host-virus interactions.

Язык: Английский

---

Human viruses: discovery and emergence

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Год журнала: 2012, Номер 367(1604), С. 2864 - 2871

Опубликована: Сен. 10, 2012

There are 219 virus species that known to be able infect humans. The first of these discovered was yellow fever in 1901, and three four new still being found every year. Extrapolation the discovery curve suggests there is a substantial pool undiscovered human species, although an apparent slow-down rate from different families may indicate bounds potential range diversity. More than two-thirds viruses can also non-human hosts, mainly mammals, sometimes birds. Many specialist have mammalian or avian origins. Indeed, proportion capable crossing barrier into humans, only around half transmitted by humans again transmitting well enough cause major outbreaks. A few possible predictors jumps identified, including use phylogenetically conserved cell receptors. It seems almost inevitable will continue emerge, other mammals birds, for foreseeable future. For this reason, effective global surveillance system novel needed.

Язык: Английский

---

The Evolution and Genetics of Virus Host Shifts

PLoS Pathogens, Год журнала: 2014, Номер 10(11), С. e1004395 - e1004395

Опубликована: Ноя. 6, 2014

Emerging viral diseases are often the product of a host shift, where pathogen jumps from its original into novel species. Phylogenetic studies show that shifts frequent event in evolution most pathogens, but why pathogens successfully jump between some species not others is only just becoming clear. The susceptibility potential new hosts can vary enormously, with close relatives natural typically being susceptible. Often, must adapt to infect host, for example by evolving use different cell surface receptors, escape immune response, or ensure they transmitted host. In viruses there limited molecular solutions achieve this, and same sequence changes seen each time virus infects particular These may come at cost other aspects pathogen's fitness, this sometimes prevent occurring. Here we examine how these evolutionary factors affect patterns disease emergence.

Язык: Английский

---

The Evolution of Stomach Acidity and Its Relevance to the Human Microbiome

PLoS ONE, Год журнала: 2015, Номер 10(7), С. e0134116 - e0134116

Опубликована: Июль 29, 2015

Gastric acidity is likely a key factor shaping the diversity and composition of microbial communities found in vertebrate gut. We conducted systematic review to test hypothesis that role stomach maintain gut community by filtering out novel taxa before they pass into intestines. propose species feeding either on carrion or organisms are close phylogenetic relatives should require most restrictive filter (measured as high acidity) protection from foreign microbes. Conversely, lower trophic level food distantly related them (e.g. herbivores) least filter, risk pathogen exposure lower. Comparisons across groups mammal bird show scavengers carnivores have significantly higher acidities compared herbivores phylogenetically distant prey such insects fish. In addition, we find when varies within naturally (with age) treatments bariatric surgery, effects bacterial pathogens line with our acts an ecological filter. Together these results highlight importance including measurements gastric pH investigating dynamics species.

Язык: Английский

---