Cells,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
13(23), С. 1973 - 1973
Опубликована: Ноя. 28, 2024
If
the
billions
of
oligodendrocytes
(OLs)
populating
central
nervous
system
(CNS)
patients
could
express
their
feelings,
they
would
undoubtedly
tell
gene
therapists
about
frustration
with
other
neural
cell
populations,
neurons,
microglia,
or
astrocytes,
which
have
been
favorite
targets
transfer
experiments.
This
review
questions
why
OLs
left
out
most
therapy
attempts.
The
first
explanation
is
that
pathogenic
role
still
discussed
in
CNS
diseases.
Another
reason
so-called
ubiquitous
CAG,
CBA,
CBh,
CMV
promoters—widely
used
studies—are
unable
poorly
able
to
activate
transcription
episomal
transgene
copies
brought
by
adeno-associated
virus
(AAV)
vectors
OLs.
Accordingly,
expression
has
either
not
found
evaluated
studies
rodents
non-human
primates.
aims
current
are
give
rightful
place
among
cells
future
target
and
encourage
researchers
test
effect
OL
transduction
various
Frontiers in Immunology,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
16
Опубликована: Апрель 8, 2025
The
critical
role
of
the
immune
system
in
brain
function
and
dysfunction
is
well
recognized,
yet
development
therapies
for
psychiatric
diseases
has
been
slow
due
to
concerns
about
iatrogenic
deficiencies.
These
are
emphasized
by
lack
objective
diagnostic
tools
psychiatry.
A
promise
resolve
this
conundrum
lies
exploitation
extracellular
vesicles
(EVs)
that
physiologically
produced
or
can
be
synthetized.
EVs
regulate
recipient
cell
functions
offer
potential
EVs-based
therapies.
Intranasal
administration
enables
targeting
specific
regions
functions,
thereby
facilitating
design
precise
treatments
diseases.
such
requires
navigating
four
dynamically
interacting
networks:
neuronal,
glial,
immune,
EVs.
networks
profoundly
influenced
fluid
distribution.
They
crucial
homeostasis,
cellular
intercellular
communication.
Fluid
abnormalities,
like
edema
altered
cerebrospinal
(CSF)
dynamics,
disrupt
these
networks,
negatively
impacting
health.
deeper
understanding
above-mentioned
vital
creating
biomarker
panels
identify
distinct
patient
subsets
with
similar
neuro-behavioral
symptoms.
Testing
functional
pathways
biomarkers
could
lead
new
therapeutic
tools.
Regulatory
approval
will
depend
on
robust
preclinical
data
reflecting
progress
interdisciplinary
areas,
which
pave
way
innovative
treatments.
Highly
collaborative
teams
needed
achieve
ambitious
goals.
ABSTRACT
Oligodendrogenesis
and
myelin
formation
are
important
processes
in
the
central
nervous
system
(CNS)
of
jawed
vertebrates,
underpinning
highly
efficient
neural
computation
within
compact
CNS
architecture.
Myelin,
dense
lipid
sheath
wrapped
around
axons,
enables
rapid
signal
transmission
modulation
circuits.
Oligodendrocytes
generated
from
oligodendrocyte
precursor
cells
(OPCs),
which
widely
distributed
adult
continue
to
produce
new
oligodendrocytes
throughout
life.
Adult
oligodendrogenesis
is
integral
adaptive
myelination,
fine‐tunes
circuits
response
neuronal
activity,
contributing
neuroplasticity,
learning,
memory.
Emerging
evidence
also
highlights
role
specialized
brain
regions,
linking
metabolic
homeostatic
functions.
In
aging
diseased
brain,
dysregulated
exacerbates
loss
may
contribute
pathogenesis.
addition,
maladaptive
myelination
driven
by
aberrant
activity
could
sustain
a
dysfunction
conditions
such
as
epilepsy.
This
review
summarizes
current
understanding
oligodendrogenesis,
with
insights
into
its
evolution,
regulation,
impact
on
disease.
Genes,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
16(5), С. 590 - 590
Опубликована: Май 17, 2025
Background:
X-ALD
is
a
white
matter
(WM)
disease
caused
by
mutations
in
the
ABCD1
gene
encoding
transporter
of
very-long-chain
fatty
acids
(VLCFAs)
into
peroxisomes.
Strikingly,
same
mutation
causes
either
devastating
brain
inflammatory
demyelination
during
childhood
or,
more
often,
progressive
spinal
cord
axonopathy
starting
middle-aged
adults.
The
accumulation
undegraded
VLCFA
glial
cell
membranes
and
myelin
has
long
been
thought
to
be
central
mechanism
X-ALD.
Methods:
This
review
discusses
studies
mouse
drosophila
models
that
have
modified
our
views
pathogenesis.
Results:
In
Abcd1
knockout
(KO)
mimics
disease,
late
manifestations
are
rapidly
reversed
transfer
oligodendrocytes
(OLs).
peroxin-5
KO
model,
selective
impairment
peroxisomal
biogenesis
OLs
achieves
an
almost
perfect
phenocopy
cerebral
ALD.
A
model
revealed
myelinating
cells
production
toxic
lipid
able
poison
axons
activate
cells.
Other
showed
critical
role
providing
energy
substrates
axons.
addition,
on
microglial
changing
substates
improved
understanding
neuroinflammation.
Conclusions:
Animal
supporting
primary
axonal
pathology
secondary
microglia
allow
us
revisit
mechanisms.
Beyond
mutations,
pathogenesis
depends
unidentified
contributors,
such
as
genetic
background,
cell-specific
epigenomics,
potential
environmental
triggers,
stochasticity
crosstalk
between
multiple
types
among
billions
neurons.
ABSTRACT
Multiple
sclerosis
(MS)
is
the
most
common
non‐infectious
inflammatory
CNS
disease,
characterized
by
progressive
neurodegeneration
and
focal
demyelinated
lesions.
Traditionally
considered
an
autoimmune
MS
driven
immune
system's
attack
on
myelin,
resulting
in
cumulative
disability.
However,
conventional
anti‐inflammatory
treatments
often
fail
to
prevent
deterioration,
particularly
absence
of
overt
inflammation,
highlighting
need
for
a
deeper
understanding
its
pathogenesis.
Recent
research
has
revealed
more
complex
disease
mechanism
involving
both
peripheral
responses
intrinsic
factors,
with
glial
cells
playing
central
role.
Persistent
inflammation
associated
mixed
active/inactive
lesions
dominated
microglia
astrocyte
dysregulation.
These
populations
exhibit
maladaptive
activation,
contributing
failed
remyelination
ongoing
neurodegeneration.
Transcriptomic
epigenomic
alterations
as
well
aging
further
exacerbate
dysfunction,
creating
self‐perpetuating
cycle
damage.
Emerging
evidence
suggests
that
interplay
between
potential
dual‐use
nature
molecular
tools
shared
system
disrupts
homeostatic
signaling,
leading
loss
tissue
integrity.
This
review
synthesizes
findings
cell
biology
MS,
focus
astrocytes,
while
addressing
their
roles
demyelination,
synapse
loss,
The
limitations
animal
models,
EAE,
replicating
complexity
are
also
addressed.
Finally,
critical
questions
outlined
guide
future
into
pathology
identify
novel
therapeutic
approaches
targeting
MS.
bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory),
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Июль 23, 2024
Abstract
Krabbe
disease
(Kd)
is
a
lysosomal
storage
disorder
(LSD)
caused
by
the
deficiency
of
galactosylceramidase
(GALC)
which
cleaves
myelin
enriched
lipid
galactosylceramide
(GalCer).
Accumulated
GalCer
catabolized
into
cytotoxic
psychosine
that
causes
myelinating
cells
death
and
demyelination
recruits
microglia/macrophages
fail
to
digest
debris
become
globoid
cells.
Here,
understand
pathological
mechanisms
Kd,
we
used
induced
pluripotent
stem
(iPSCs)
from
Kd
patients
produce
organoids
microglia.
We
show
have
no
obvious
defects
in
neurogenesis,
astrogenesis,
oligodendrogenesis
but
manifest
early
myelination
defects.
Specifically,
showed
shorter
similar
number
internodes
than
Controls
at
peak
reduced
later
time
point.
Interestingly,
affected
absence
autophagy
mTOR
pathway
dysregulation,
suggesting
lack
dysfunction
makes
this
organoid
model
very
valuable
tool
study
events
drive
Kd.
iPSC-derived
microglia
marginal
rate
cell
formation
under
normal
culture
conditions
drastically
increased
upon
feeding.
Under
conditions,
minor
LAMP1
content
decrease
slight
increase
protein
LC3B.
Upon
feeding,
accumulation
proteins
strong
reduction
point
are
reverted
showing
compensatory
capabilities
Altogether,
supports
value
our
cultures
as
tools
mechanism
play
overcome
PLoS ONE,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
19(12), С. e0314858 - e0314858
Опубликована: Дек. 5, 2024
Krabbe
disease
(Kd)
is
a
lysosomal
storage
disorder
(LSD)
caused
by
the
deficiency
of
galactosylceramidase
(GALC)
which
cleaves
myelin
enriched
lipid
galactosylceramide
(GalCer).
Accumulated
GalCer
catabolized
into
cytotoxic
psychosine
that
causes
myelinating
cells
death
and
demyelination
recruits
microglia/macrophages
fail
to
digest
debris
become
globoid
cells.
Here,
understand
pathological
mechanisms
Kd,
we
used
induced
pluripotent
stem
(iPSCs)
from
Kd
patients
produce
organoids
microglia.
We
show
have
no
obvious
defects
in
neurogenesis,
astrogenesis,
oligodendrogenesis
but
manifest
early
myelination
defects.
Specifically,
showed
shorter
similar
number
internodes
than
Controls
at
peak
reduced
later
time
point.
Interestingly,
affected
absence
autophagy
mTOR
pathway
dysregulation,
suggesting
lack
dysfunction
makes
this
organoid
model
very
valuable
tool
study
events
drive
Kd.
iPSC-derived
microglia
marginal
rate
cell
formation
under
normal
culture
conditions
drastically
increased
upon
feeding.
Under
conditions,
minor
LAMP1
content
decrease
slight
increase
protein
LC3B.
Upon
feeding,
accumulation
proteins
strong
reduction
point
are
reverted
showing
compensatory
capabilities
Altogether,
supports
value
our
cultures
as
tools
mechanism
play
overcome
Research Square (Research Square),
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Июнь 25, 2024
Abstract
Previous
work
has
shown
that
“complex
wheel”
running
requires
new
oligodendrocyte
(OL)
generation.
Here,
we
ask
whether
adaptive
OL
plasticity
occurs
during
a
dexterous
forelimb
reaching
task.
Surprisingly,
decrease
in
oligodendrogenesis
is
observed
after
motor
learning,
accompanied
by
an
increase
the
length
of
Ranvier
node
contra-rostral
area
(cRFA)
cortex.
We
then
observe
subsequent
OPC
proliferation
and
maturation
skill
memory
consolidation.
Genetic
blockade
Myrf
conditional-knockout
(Myrf-cKO)
mice
prior
to
task
results
enhanced
rather
than
impaired
whereas
phase
impairs
retention.
In
vivo
recordings
task-related
calcium
dynamics
show
Myrf-cKO
exhibit
increased
movement-related
activity
number
cFos-expressing
neurons
cRFA
but
reduced
neuronal
reactivation
recall.
These
findings
suggest
learning
consolidation
may
drive
distinct
dynamics/plasticity
fine-tune
neural
activity.