A Survey on Green 6G Network: Architecture and Technologies

IEEE Access, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 7, С. 175758 - 175768

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2019

While 5G is being commercialized worldwide, research institutions around the world have started to look beyond and 6G expected evolve into green networks, which deliver high Quality of Service energy efficiency. To meet demands future applications, significant improvements need be made in mobile network architecture. We envision undergoing unprecedented breakthrough integrating traditional terrestrial networks with emerging space, aerial underwater provide anytime anywhere access. This paper presents a detailed survey on wireless evolution towards networks. In this survey, prime focus new architectural changes associated characterized by ubiquitous 3D coverage, introduction pervasive AI enhanced protocol stack. Along this, we discuss related potential technologies that are helpful forming sustainable socially seamless encompassing terahertz visible light communication, communication paradigm, blockchain symbiotic radio. Our work aims enlightening guidance for subsequent 6G.

Язык: Английский

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Channel Modeling for Diffusive Molecular Communication—A Tutorial Review

Proceedings of the IEEE, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 107(7), С. 1256 - 1301

Опубликована: Июнь 20, 2019

Molecular communication (MC) is a new engineering paradigm where molecules are employed as information carriers. MC systems expected to enable revolutionary applications, such sensing of target substances in biotechnology, smart drug delivery medicine, and monitoring oil pipelines or chemical reactors industrial settings. As for any other kind communication, simple yet sufficiently accurate channel models needed the design, analysis, efficient operation systems. In this paper, we provide tutorial review on mathematical modeling diffusive The considered end-to-end incorporate effects release mechanism, environment, reception mechanism observed molecules. Thereby, various existing different components an system presented under common framework underlying biological, chemical, physical phenomena discussed. Deterministic characterizing number at receiver statistical actual developed. addition, time-varying with moving transmitters receivers, which relevant advanced applications mobile nanomachines. For complex scenarios, cannot be obtained from first principles, investigate simulation- experiment-driven models. Finally, detailed discussion potential challenges, open research problems, future directions

Язык: Английский

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A Survey of Molecular Communication in Cell Biology: Establishing a New Hierarchy for Interdisciplinary Applications

IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 23(3), С. 1494 - 1545

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2021

Molecular communication (MC) engineering is inspired by the use of chemical signals as information carriers in cell biology. The biological nature signaling makes MC a promising methodology for interdisciplinary applications requiring between cells and other microscale devices. However, since life sciences communications fields have distinct approaches to formulating solving research problems, mismatch them can hinder translation results impede development implementation solutions. To bridge this gap, survey proposes novel hierarchy biology maps phenomena, contributions, problems hierarchy. includes: 1) physical propagation at Physical Signal Propagation level; 2) generation, reception, biochemical pathways molecular Chemical Interaction 3) quantification signals, including macroscale observation control methods, conversion Signal-Data Interface 4) interpretation realization synthetic systems store, process, communicate Local Data Abstraction 5) relying on with Application level. further demonstrate proposed hierarchy, it applied case studies quorum sensing, neuronal signaling, via DNA. Finally, several open are identified each level integration multiple levels. provides language engineers study interface systems, also helps biologists understand how concepts be exploited interpret, control, manipulate

Язык: Английский

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Methods and Applications of Mobile Molecular Communication

Proceedings of the IEEE, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 107(7), С. 1442 - 1456

Опубликована: Июль 1, 2019

This paper provides a comprehensive review of the emerging research area mobile molecular communication. In communication, sender and receiver bionanomachines as well associated nodes in environment exhibit dynamic behavior sense that they are communicate while move. presents model uses to discuss how groups such working unison can provide useful functionalities. illustrates several functionalities by applying communication concept cooperative drug delivery. Unsolved challenges this outlined discussed.

Язык: Английский

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Early Cancer Detection in Blood Vessels Using Mobile Nanosensors

IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 18(2), С. 103 - 116

Опубликована: Дек. 7, 2018

In this paper, we propose using mobile nanosensors (MNSs) for early stage anomaly detection. For concreteness, focus on the detection of cancer cells located in a particular region blood vessel. These produce and emit special molecules, so-called biomarkers, which are symptomatic presence anomaly, into cardiovascular system. Detection biomarkers with conventional tests is difficult stages due to very low concentration samples taken. However, close cells, high. Hence, possible if sensor ability detect these placed vicinity cells. Therefore, study use MNSs that injected at suitable injection site can move through vessels system, potentially contain be activated by where biomarker sufficiently Eventually, collected fusion center (FC), their activation levels read exploited declare anomaly. We analytically derive network interconnected as well probability mass function MNSs' validate obtained results via particle-based simulations. Then, optimal decision rule FC regarding assuming entire known FC. Finally, FC, simple sum detector does not require knowledge topology. Our simulations reveal while achieves higher performance than detector, both proposed detectors significantly outperform benchmark scheme uses fixed

Язык: Английский

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A Survey of Biological Building Blocks for Synthetic Molecular Communication Systems

IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 22(4), С. 2765 - 2800

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2020

Synthetic molecular communication (MC) is a new engineering paradigm which expected to enable revolutionary applications such as smart drug delivery and real-time health monitoring. The design implementation of synthetic MC systems (MCSs) at nano- microscale very challenging. This particularly true for MCSs employing biological components transmitters receivers or interfaces with natural MCSs. Nevertheless, since have been optimized by nature over billions years, using them in highly promising. paper provides survey that can potentially serve the main building blocks, i.e., transmitter, receiver, signaling particles, Nature uses large variety particles different sizes vastly properties among entities. Here, we focus on three important classes particles: cations (specifically protons calcium ions), neurotransmitters acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin), phosphopeptides. These unique distinct features their diffusion coefficients, specificity, and/or uniqueness make suitable candidates For each these candidate present several specific transmitter receiver structures mainly built upon proteins are capable performing physiological functionalities required from Moreover, options both well micro-to-macroscale needed experimental evaluation One advantages signal emission detection they be modified tools biology tailored wide range application needs. We discuss properties, limitations, proposed blocks detail. Furthermore, outline research directions theoretical analysis architectures.

Язык: Английский

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A Systematic Review of Bio-Cyber Interface Technologies and Security Issues for Internet of Bio-Nano Things

IEEE Access, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 9, С. 93529 - 93566

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2021

Advances in synthetic biology and nanotechnology have contributed to the design of tools that can be used control, reuse, modify, re-engineer cells' structure, as well enabling engineers effectively use biological cells programmable substrates realize Bio-Nano Things (biological embedded computing devices). Bio-NanoThings are generally tiny, non-intrusive, concealable devices for in-vivo applications such intra-body sensing actuation networks, where artificial detrimental. Such (nano-scale) various healthcare settings continuous health monitoring, targeted drug delivery, nano-surgeries. These services also grouped form a collaborative network (i.e., nanonetwork), whose performance potentially improved when connected higher bandwidth external networks Internet, say via 5G. However, IoBNT paradigm, it is important seamlessly connect environment with technological landscape by having dynamic interface convert biochemical signals from human body into an equivalent electromagnetic signal (and vice versa). This, unfortunately, risks exposure internal mechanisms cyber-based medical actuation, potential security privacy implications. This paper comprehensively reviews bio-cyber architecture, focusing on interfacing options like biologically inspired bio-electronic devices, RFID enabled implantable chips, electronic tattoos. study identifies known vulnerabilities mitigation strategies consideration future designs implementations.

Язык: Английский

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Salinity-Based Molecular Communication in Microfluidic Channels

IEEE Transactions on Molecular Biological and Multi-Scale Communications, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 9(2), С. 191 - 206

Опубликована: Май 17, 2023

In this work, we present a novel portable, flexible and easy-to-use experimental setup for investigating salinity-based information transmission in microfluidic channels. At the receiver, different salinity-levels are detected by customized electronic circuit, which measures electrical conductivity via electrodes channel. We provide detailed description of setup, including chip fabrication. Moreover, develop rigorous mathematical model each testbed component an end-to-end system, have verified through experiments. Finally, analyzed error performance using optimum sub-optimum detection algorithms, such as Viterbi algorithm threshold detection.

Язык: Английский

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Leveraging Tactile Internet Cognizance and Operation via IoT and Edge Technologies

Proceedings of the IEEE, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 107(2), С. 364 - 375

Опубликована: Ноя. 22, 2018

The Tactile Internet (TI) is building on the premise of remote operation in perceived real-time, and enables a plethora applications that involve immersive interactions. As we build future for globalizing skills, delivering haptic feedback across continents, immersing users environments, are faced with significant challenges understanding context interactions, which refer to as tactile cognizance. challenge terminals' impacts not only quality depth feedback, but our ability deliver real-time operation. That is, develop AI techniques compensate inevitable delay operation, need more information about terminal's interactions improve prediction movement feedback. Things (IoT) promising interconnect billions sensors, augment multiple tiers cognition expedite fine-tune sensory acquisition from heterogeneous contexts. In this paper, will survey recent developments IoT, novel cloudlet-based cyber foraging (i.e., edge computing) project how could benefit IoT contextualization. We present taxonomy systems designed rapid data acquisition, an emphasis prioritize stringent reliability latency mandates. This paper builds computing propose framework multi-tiered feed its signaling systems, TI codecs embed contextual

Язык: Английский

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Modeling of Viral Aerosol Transmission and Detection

IEEE Transactions on Communications, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 68(8), С. 4859 - 4873

Опубликована: Май 12, 2020

In this paper, we propose studying the disease spread mechanism in atmosphere as an engineering problem. Aerosol transmission is most significant mode among viral mechanisms that do not include physical contact, where airflows carry virus-laden droplets over long distances. Throughout work, study transport of these a molecular communication problem, one has no control source, but robust receiver can be designed using bio-sensors. To end, present complete system model and derive end-to-end mathematical for channel under certain constraints boundary conditions. We response both continuous sources such breathing jet or impulsive coughing sneezing. addition to transmitter channel, assumed architecture composed air sampler Silicon Nanowire field-effect transistor. Then, formulate detection problem maximize likelihood decision rule minimize corresponding missed probability. Finally, several numerical results observe impact parameters affect performance justify feasibility proposed setup related applications.

Язык: Английский

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