Towards a forensic semiotics

Forensic Science International, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 357, С. 111968 - 111968

Опубликована: Фев. 15, 2024

For years, forensic science has been criticized for its lack of scientific foundations, explaining methodological drawbacks. Notwithstanding recommendations to upgrade quality management and counter cognitive biases, the ontology trace very nature amplified by decision context is rarely invoked as sources inescapable errors. Understanding what (forensic) could even reconcile prescriptive approach descriptive reality, through an unexplored pathway, Peirce's semiotics. The implementation a semiotic line arguments concur transparency opinions security justice purposes, with rich potentialities in sight.

Язык: Английский

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Human factors in triaging forensic Items: Casework pressures and ambiguity aversion

Science & Justice, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 65(2), С. 149 - 162

Опубликована: Фев. 10, 2025

Язык: Английский

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Bloodstain Pattern Analysis (BPA): Validity, reliability, cognitive bias, and error rate

Science & Justice, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown, С. 101245 - 101245

Опубликована: Март 1, 2025

Язык: Английский

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Cognitive biases in forensic psychiatry: A scoping review

International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 101, С. 102083 - 102083

Опубликована: Март 5, 2025

Forensic psychiatry plays a critical role in legal contexts but is highly susceptible to cognitive biases that can undermine the accuracy and objectivity of evaluations. This scoping review, guided by Arksey O'Malley framework, aims identify analyze within forensic psychiatric practice across criminal, civil, testimonial domains. A comprehensive search five databases yielded 7002 records, with 24 studies meeting inclusion criteria. From these studies, ten distinct were identified, most frequently discussed being gender bias (29.2 %), allegiance (20.8 confirmation followed hindsight, cultural, emotional biases. Most focused on criminal settings, only two addressing civil contexts. Among mitigation strategies reviewed, structured methodologies "considering opposite" technique positively evaluated widely approaches. Conversely, self-awareness strategy was criticized for its limited effectiveness reducing bias. Emerging tools, such as artificial intelligence, offer potential solutions require robust ethical safeguards prevent perpetuation systemic review provides overview current state research psychiatry, underscoring need further empirical explore their prevalence, mechanisms, effective greater depth.

Язык: Английский

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Prioritizing a high posterior probability threshold leading to low error rate over high classification accuracy: the validity of MorphoPASSE software for cranial morphological sex estimation in a contemporary population

International Journal of Legal Medicine, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 138(4), С. 1759 - 1768

Опубликована: Март 26, 2024

Язык: Английский

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Unpacking workplace stress and forensic expert decision-making: From theory to practice

Forensic Science International Synergy, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 8, С. 100473 - 100473

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2024

Workplace stress can affect forensic experts' job satisfaction and performance, which holds financial other implications for service providers. Therefore, it is important to understand manage workplace stress, but that not simple or straightforward. This paper explores as a human factor influences expert decision-making. First, we identify highlight three factors mitigate decisions under conditions: nature of decision, individual differences, context decision. Second, situate in science within the Challenge-Hindrance Stressor Framework. We argue stressors workplaces have positive negative impact, depending on type, level, stress. Developing an understanding stressors, their sources, possible impact help providers researchers implement context-specific interventions at work optimize performance.

Язык: Английский

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The possible impact of stress on forensic decision-making: An exploratory study

Forensic Science International Mind and Law, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 4, С. 100125 - 100125

Опубликована: Ноя. 22, 2023

Stress has been shown to have an impact on the quality of decisions made by professionals in a variety domains. However, there is lack research examining stress forensic decision-making contexts, where experts can face various levels stress. This exploratory study examines fingerprint under stress, novices (N = 115) and 34). Findings suggested potentially complex relationship between expert performance. On one hand, this seemed improve performance both assessments, but mainly for same-source evidence. In contrast, induced appeared risk-taking. When prints were difficult, trend emerged with stressed taking less risk reported more inconclusive conclusions higher confidence than control group. Furthermore, had significant overall response times novices, not experts. These findings suggest that tasks are important factors should be considered when considering optimal working environments increasing decision quality.

Язык: Английский

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The Boundary of Artificial Intelligence in Forensic Science

Dialogo, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 10(1), С. 83 - 90

Опубликована: Ноя. 27, 2023

Artificial intelligence (AI) is poised to revolutionize forensic science by enhancing evidence analysis and aiding in crime-solving. This paper explores AI applications fields, focusing on DNA mixture analysis, the cause of death diagnosis, challenges faces science. It addresses limitations science, emphasizing necessity for transparent systems used ethically. Forensic errors are often not due misclassification scientists but stem from incompetence, fraud, weak scientific foundations, or organizational deficiencies, resulting wrongful convictions. Systemic issues like dependence presumptive tests inadequate defense contribute errors. Inconsistencies plague various domains including fingerprint analysis. Establishing standardized analytical procedures can enhance consistency credibility anthropology, pathology, genetics, statistics explored, with a focus their potential challenges.

Язык: Английский

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Unpacking Workplace Stress and Forensic Expert Decision-Making: From Theory to Practice

Опубликована: Фев. 27, 2024

Workplace stress can affect forensic experts' job satisfaction and performance, which holds financial other implications for service providers. Therefore, it is important to understand manage workplace stress, but that not simple or straightforward. This paper explores as a human factor influences expert decision-making. First, we identify highlight three factors mitigate decisions under conditions: decision parameters, internal factors, external factors. Second, situate in science within the Challenge-Hindrance Stress Framework. We argue stressors workplaces have positive negative impact, depending on type, level, context of stress. Developing an understanding stressors, their sources, possible help providers researchers implement context-specific interventions at work optimize performance.

Язык: Английский

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Inconsistencies in rater-based assessments mainly affect borderline candidates: but using simple heuristics might improve pass-fail decisions

Advances in Health Sciences Education, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 29(5), С. 1749 - 1767

Опубликована: Апрель 23, 2024

Abstract Introduction Research in various areas indicates that expert judgment can be highly inconsistent. However, is indispensable many contexts. In medical education, experts often function as examiners rater-based assessments. Here, disagreement between have far-reaching consequences. The literature suggests inconsistencies ratings depend on the level of performance a to-be-evaluated candidate shows. This possibility has not been addressed deliberately and with appropriate statistical methods. By adopting theoretical lens ecological rationality, we evaluate if easily implementable strategies enhance decision making real-world assessment Methods We address two objectives. First, investigate dependence rater-consistency levels. recorded videos mock-exams had (N=10) four students’ performances compare examiner-pairs using bootstrapping procedure. Our second objective to provide an approach aids by implementing simple heuristics. Results found discrepancies were largely candidates showed. Lower rated more inconsistently than excellent performances. Furthermore, our analyses indicated use heuristics might improve decisions examiner pairs. Discussion Inconsistencies judgments continue matter concern, empirical evidence for them related performance. discuss implications research advantages perspective rationality. point directions both further development practices.

Язык: Английский

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