New trends in cannabis potency in USA and Europe during the last decade (2008–2017)

European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 269(1), С. 5 - 15

Опубликована: Янв. 22, 2019

Язык: Английский

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Changes in delta‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) concentrations in cannabis over time: systematic review and meta‐analysis

Addiction, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 116(5), С. 1000 - 1010

Опубликована: Ноя. 7, 2020

Abstract Background and aims Cannabis products with high delta‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentrations carry an increased risk of addiction mental health disorders, while it has been suggested that cannabidiol (CBD) may moderate the effects THC. This study aimed to systematically review meta‐analyse changes in THC CBD cannabis over time (PROSPERO registration: CRD42019130055). Design Embase, MEDLINE® Epub Ahead Print, In‐Process Other Non‐Indexed Citations Daily, Global Health, PsycINFO Scopus were searched from inception 27/03/2019 for observational studies reporting mean and/or concentration at least three annual points. Searches extraction conducted by two independent reviewers. Random meta‐regression models estimated each product within study; these estimates pooled across random models. Results We identified 12 eligible USA, UK, Netherlands, France, Denmark, Italy New Zealand. For all herbal cannabis, 0.29% year (95% CI: 0.11, 0.47), P < 0.001 based on 66 747 samples eight studies, 1970–2017. resin, 0.57% 0.10, 1.03), = 0.017 17 371 1975–2017. There was no evidence [−0.01% −0.02, 0.01), 0.280; 49 434 five 1995–2017] or resin [0.03% −0.11, 0.18), 0.651; 11 382 six 1992–2017]. Risk bias low apart non‐random sampling most studies. substantial heterogeneity. Conclusions Concentrations international markets 1970 2017 remained stable. Increases greater than cannabis. Rising attributable market share high‐THC sinsemilla relative low‐THC traditional

Язык: Английский

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How does cannabidiol (CBD) influence the acute effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in humans? A systematic review

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 107, С. 696 - 712

Опубликована: Сен. 30, 2019

Язык: Английский

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Cannabidiol for the treatment of cannabis use disorder: a phase 2a, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, adaptive Bayesian trial

The Lancet Psychiatry, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 7(10), С. 865 - 874

Опубликована: Июль 28, 2020

Язык: Английский

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‘Standard THC units’: a proposal to standardize dose across all cannabis products and methods of administration

Addiction, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 115(7), С. 1207 - 1216

Опубликована: Окт. 12, 2019

Abstract Background and Aims Cannabis products are becoming increasingly diverse, vary considerably in concentrations of ∆ 9 ‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) cannabidiol (CBD). Higher doses THC can increase the risk harm from cannabis, while CBD may partially offset some these effects. Lower Risk Use Guidelines currently lack recommendations based on quantity use, could be improved by implementing standard units. However, there is no consensus how units should measured or standardized among different cannabis methods administration. Argument Existing proposals for have been specific administration (e.g. joints) not capture other methods, including pipes, bongs, blunts, dabbing, vaporizers, vape pens, edibles liquids. Other grams cannabis) cannot account heterogeneity products. Similar to alcohol units, we argue that reflect primary active pharmacological constituents (dose THC). On basis experimental ecological data, public health considerations existing policy, propose a ‘standard unit’ fixed at 5 mg all If supported sufficient evidence future, consumption might offer an additional strategy reduction. Conclusions Standard potentially applied guide consumers promote safer patterns use.

Язык: Английский

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Association of High-Potency Cannabis Use With Mental Health and Substance Use in Adolescence

JAMA Psychiatry, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 77(10), С. 1044 - 1044

Опубликована: Май 27, 2020

Cannabis use is consistently linked to poorer mental health outcomes, and there evidence that of higher-potency cannabis increases these risks. To date, no studies have described the association between potency concurrent in a general population sample or addressed confounding using longitudinal data.To explore substance accounting for preceding frequency use.This cohort study used data from Avon Longitudinal Study Parents Children, UK birth participants born April 1, 1991, December 31, 1992. Present on outcomes exposures were collected June 2015 October 2017 1087 at 24 years age who reported recent use.Self-reported type most commonly past year, coded binary exposure high-potency lower-potency cannabis.Outcomes use, problems, other illicit drugs, tobacco dependence, alcohol disorder, depression, generalized anxiety psychotic-like experiences. The secondary data; consequently, hypotheses formulated after collection.Past-year was by (580 women; mean [SD] onset 16.7 [3.0] years). Of these, 141 (13.0%) cannabis. Use associated with increased (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 4.38; 95% CI, 2.89-6.63), problems (AOR, 4.08; 1.41-11.81), likelihood disorder 1.92; 1.11-3.32). Adjustment attenuated psychotic experiences (AOR 1.29; 0.67-2.50), dependence 1.42; 0.89-2.27), drug 0.77-2.17). There depression.To our knowledge, this provides first suggesting addiction. Limiting availability may be reduction number individuals develop disorders, prevention escalating regular behavior, risk disorders.

Язык: Английский

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Public health monitoring of cannabis use in Europe: prevalence of use, cannabis potency, and treatment rates

The Lancet Regional Health - Europe, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 10, С. 100227 - 100227

Опубликована: Сен. 24, 2021

Cannabis is one of the most widely used substances worldwide. Heavy use associated with an increased risk cannabis disorders, psychotic acute cognitive impairment, traffic injuries, respiratory problems, worse pregnancy outcomes, and there are indications for genotoxic epigenotoxic adverse effects. International regulation medical non-medical changing rapidly substantially, highlighting importance robust public health monitoring. This study aimed to describe trends key indicators in European Union (27 member states + UK, Norway Turkey) period 2010 2019, their implications, identify steps required improve current practice monitoring harm Europe.Data on four (prevalence use, prevalence disorder [CUD], treatment rates, potency products) Europe were extracted from United Nations Office Drugs Crime, Monitoring Centre Drug Addiction Global Burden Disease study. For CUD, first last available estimate each country compared. rates potency, linear regression models conducted.Between past-month by 27% adults (from 3·1 3·9%), pronounced relative increases observed among 35-64 year-olds. In 13 out 26 countries, over 20% all users reported high-risk patterns. The rate entry problems per 100,000 27·0 (95% CI: 17·2 36·8) 35·1 23·6 46·7) has mostly plateaued since 2015. Modest found herbal 6·9% 10·6% THC) while median THC values tripled resin 7·6% 24·1% THC).In past decade, levels have major concerns about impact use. Continued efforts data quality reporting, including cannabis-attributable harm, will be necessary evaluate international changes regulation.This received no specific funding.

Язык: Английский

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Association between cannabis use disorder and schizophrenia stronger in young males than in females

Psychological Medicine, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 53(15), С. 7322 - 7328

Опубликована: Май 4, 2023

Abstract Background Previous research suggests an increase in schizophrenia population attributable risk fraction (PARF) for cannabis use disorder (CUD). However, sex and age variations CUD suggest the importance of examining differences PARFs subgroups. Methods We conducted a nationwide Danish register-based cohort study including all individuals aged 16–49 at some point during 1972–2021. status was obtained from registers. Hazard ratios (HR), incidence (IRR), were estimated. Joinpoint analyses applied to sex-specific PARFs. Results examined 6 907 859 with 45 327 cases incident follow-up across 129 521 260 person-years. The overall adjusted HR (aHR) on slightly higher among males (aHR = 2.42, 95% CI 2.33–2.52) than females 2.02, 1.89–2.17); however, 16–20-year-olds, IRR (aIRR) more twice that (males: aIRR 3.84, 3.43–4.29; females: 1.81, 1.53–2.15). During 1972–2021, annual average percentage change 4.8 (95% 4.3–5.3; p < 0.0001) 3.2 2.5–3.8; 0.0001). In 2021, males, PARF 15%; females, it around 4%. Conclusions Young might be particularly susceptible effects schizophrenia. At level, assuming causality, one-fifth young prevented by averting CUD. highlight early detection treatment policy decisions regarding access, 16–25-year-olds.

Язык: Английский

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Availability, retail price and potency of legal and illegal cannabis in Canada after recreational cannabis legalisation

Drug and Alcohol Review, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 39(4), С. 337 - 346

Опубликована: Апрель 14, 2020

There is little objective market data on the price or potency of legal and illegal cannabis products following recreational legalisation.In 2 months post-legalisation in Canada (November-December 2018), retailers were identified from government lists online directories. The store location, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) cannabidiol levels dried herb cookies collected retailer websites Weedmaps.We 185 (22 stores, 163 storefronts; 65 government-run 120 private stores) 944 (791 delivery-only services, 157 storefronts). Relative to herb, was lower (1 g: $10.23 vs. $11.08, ⅛ oz: $9.37/g $10.88/g, ½ $8.18/g $8.85/g; P < 0.05 for all) higher (THC: 20.5% 16.1%, cannabidiol: 2.4% 1.7%; both). Legal stores had prices than $13.08 $10.89, $12.75/g $10.45/g, $10.85/g $8.71/g, 1 $8.54/g $7.22/g; all). On average, one cookie contained 96 mg THC cost $1.57 per 10 THC.In post-legalisation, less expensive, with labelled content cannabis, although scope these differences more modest estimates other crowdsourced self-reported data. Direct monitoring needed examine impact legalisation over time.

Язык: Английский

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Increasing potency and price of cannabis in Europe, 2006–16

Addiction, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 114(6), С. 1015 - 1023

Опубликована: Дек. 31, 2018

To quantify changes in (i) potency (concentration of Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol; %THC), (ii) price (euros/g cannabis) and (iii) value (mg THC/euro) cannabis resin herbal Europe.Repeated cross-sectional study.Data collected from 28 European Union (EU) member states, Norway Turkey by the Monitoring Centre for Drugs Drug Addiction.Outcome variables were potency, Europe, 2006-16. Inflation was estimated using Harmonised Indices Consumer Prices. Mixed-effects linear regression models used to estimate quadratic time trends, with a random intercept slope fitted account variation across countries.Resin increased mean [95% confidence interval (CI)] 8.14% THC (6.89, 9.49) 2006 17.22 (15.23, 19.25) 2016. Resin 8.21 euros/g (7.54, 8.97) 12.27 (10.62, 14.16). value, 11.00 mg per euro (8.60, 13.62) 16.39 (13.68, 19.05). Quadratic trends indicated minimal change 2011, followed marked increases 2011 Herbal 5.00% (3.91, 6.23) 10.22 (9.01, 11.47). 7.36 (6.22, 8.53) 12.22 (10.59, 14.03). The did not 12.65 (10.18, 15.34) 12.72 (10.73, 14.73). All persisted after adjusting inflation.European Cannabis (but quantity -tetrahydrocannabinol spent. Marked 2016 are consistent emergence new production techniques neighbouring drug markets.

Язык: Английский

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