Genetics Selection Evolution,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
55(1)
Опубликована: Ноя. 30, 2023
Abstract
Background
Within
the
same
species,
individuals
show
marked
variation
in
their
social
dominance.
Studies
on
a
handful
of
populations
have
indicated
heritable
genetic
for
this
trait,
which
is
determined
by
both
background
individual
(direct
effect)
and
its
opponent
(indirect
effect).
However,
evolutionary
consequences
selection
trait
are
largely
speculative,
as
it
not
usual
target
livestock
populations.
Moreover,
studying
dominance
presents
challenge
working
with
phenotype
mean
value
that
cannot
change
population,
every
winner
an
agonistic
interaction
there
will
necessarily
be
loser.
Thus,
to
investigate
what
could
response
dominance,
necessary
focus
traits
might
correlated
it.
This
study
investigated
correlations
direct
indirect,
several
morphology
fitness
traits.
We
used
dataset
contests
involving
cattle
(
Bos
taurus
):
during
these
contests,
pairs
cows
compete
ritualized
interactions
assess
The
outcomes
37,996
performed
8789
over
20
years
were
combined
data
fertility,
mammary
health,
milk
yield
analysed
using
bivariate
animal
models
including
indirect
effects.
Results
found
winning
has
positive
correlation
more
developed
frontal
muscle
mass,
lower
poorer
udder
health.
also
discovered
trends
changes
estimated
breeding
values
health
mass
consistent
population.
Conclusions
present
evidence
genetically
traits,
well
empirical
possible
trade-offs
between
feasible
estimate
dyadic
Understanding
the
evolutionary
mechanisms
underlying
maintenance
of
individual
differences
in
behavior
and
physiology
is
a
fundamental
goal
ecology
evolution.
The
pace-of-life
syndrome
hypothesis
often
invoked
to
explain
such
within-population
variation.
This
predicts
that
behavioral
traits
are
part
suite
correlated
collectively
determine
an
individual's
propensity
prioritize
reproduction
or
survival.
A
key
assumption
this
these
underpinned
by
genetic
trade-offs
among
life-history
traits:
variants
increase
fertility,
growth
might
also
reduce
lifespan.
We
performed
systematic
literature
review
meta-analysis
summarize
evidence
for
existence
between
five
survival,
rate,
body
size,
maturation
fertility.
Counter
our
predictions,
we
found
overall
positive
correlation
survival
other
no
any
correlations
non-survival
traits.
finding
was
generally
consistent
across
pairs
traits,
sexes,
life
stages,
lab
vs.
field
studies,
narrow-
broad-sense
estimates.
Our
study
highlights
may
not
be
as
common,
at
least
easily
quantifiable,
animals
assumed.
Discovery Immunology,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
4(1)
Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2025
Abstract
Background
T-helper
(Th)
cells
co-ordinate
immune
responses
to
ensure
that
infections
with
diverse
parasites
are
controlled
effectively.
Helminth
such
as
gastrointestinal
nematodes
(GIN)
generally
associated
type
2
(Th2)
responses,
while
intracellular
Th1
responses.
Although
laboratory
models
have
reported
and
Th2
can
be
antagonistic,
this
has
been
challenged
by
studies
of
natural
infections.
Methods
Between
2019
2022
we
completed
759
captures
538
wild
Soay
sheep
(1–4
per
animal)
monitored
body
weight,
parasite
egg
counts,
Th
phenotypes,
cytokines,
GIN-specific
antibodies.
Results
While
different
cell
cytokines
antibody
isotypes
were
positively
correlated
each
other,
no
strong
positive
associations
observed
between
these
measurements.
Cell
counts
had
low
repeatability
(among-individual
variation)
across
4
years,
levels
highly
repeatable.
The
Interferon-gamma
(IFN-γ)
Interleukin-4
(IL-4)
moderately
repeatable
at
both
the
between-
within-individual
independent
condition
or
exposure.
IL-4
was
negatively
GIN
faecal
count,
IFN-γ
coccidian
oocyst
suggesting
reflect
resistance
parasites.
None
our
markers
strongly
lamb
survival.
Conclusions
Our
results
provide
insights
into
how
aspects
function
interact
produce
effective
complex
but
suggest
longer-term
data
collection
is
required
address
causes
interactions
detect
fitness
consequences
variation
in
T
phenotypes
under
conditions.
Behavioral Ecology,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
36(2)
Опубликована: Янв. 29, 2025
Abstract
Animals
influence
the
phenotype
and
reproductive
success
of
their
conspecifics
through
competitive
interactions.
Such
effects
competition
can
alter
intensity
selection
ultimately
change
rate
evolution.
However,
magnitude
competition,
evolutionary
impact,
should
vary
depending
on
environmental
conditions
individual
responses
among
competitors.
We
tested
whether
a
key
variable,
resource
availability,
affects
response
to
in
black
widow
spiders
by
manipulating
access
prey
level
competition.
examined
if
focal
modify
web
structure
aggressiveness
towards
stimuli
when
competitor
is
present,
these
depend
prior
access.
also
any
with
differences
Access
resources
changed
how
individuals
respond
Spiders
limited
were
less
likely
attack
presence
conspecific
than
greater
prey,
suggesting
that
limiting
hinders
responses.
In
contrast,
all
built
better-protected
webs
competitors,
regardless
prey.
Crucially,
differed
depended
Our
findings
highlight
importance
mediating
impact
social
interactions
phenotypes
eventually
Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
99(2), С. 348 - 371
Опубликована: Окт. 16, 2023
ABSTRACT
Conservation
translocation
is
a
common
strategy
to
offset
mounting
rates
of
population
declines
through
the
transfer
captive‐
or
wild‐origin
organisms
into
areas
where
conspecific
populations
are
imperilled
completely
extirpated.
Translocations
that
supplement
existing
referred
as
reinforcements
and
can
be
conducted
using
captive‐origin
animals
[
ex
situ
reinforcement
(ESR)]
without
any
captive
ancestry
in
(ISR)].
These
programs
have
been
criticized
for
low
success
husbandry
practices
produce
individuals
with
genetic
performance
deficits,
but
post‐release
translocated
groups
has
not
systematically
reviewed
quantify
relative
wild‐resident
control
groups.
To
assess
disparity
conspecifics
examine
association
organismal
methodological
factors
across
studies,
we
systematic
review
meta‐analysis
821
comparisons
from
171
studies
representing
nine
animal
classes
(101
species).
We
found
64%
decreased
odds
out‐performing
their
counterparts,
supporting
claims
systemic
issues
hampering
conservation
translocations.
help
identify
could
maximize
program
future,
further
quantified
impact
broad
on
between
performance.
Pre‐release
enrichment
significantly
reduced
disparities,
whereas
our
results
suggest
no
overall
effects
taxonomic
group,
sex,
generation
time,
type
fitness
surrogate
measured.
This
work
most
comprehensive
date
translocations
which
wild
were
used
comparators,
thereby
facilitating
an
evaluation
this
identifying
specific
actions
increase
success.
Our
highlights
need
managers
include
both
sympatric
allopatric
wild‐reference
ensure
evaluated.
Further,
analyses
pre‐release
particular
improving
outcomes
translocations,
demonstrate
how
implementation
choices
contributions
recipient
growth
viability.
Royal Society Open Science,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
11(4)
Опубликована: Апрель 1, 2024
Individual
differences
in
aggressiveness,
if
consistent
across
time
and
contexts,
may
contribute
to
the
long-term
maintenance
of
social
hierarchies
complex
animal
societies.
Although
agonistic
interactions
have
previously
been
used
calculate
individuals'
positions
within
a
dominance
hierarchy,
date
repeatability
behaviour
has
not
tested
when
calculating
rank.
Here,
we
examined
consistency
relevance
aggressiveness
as
personality
trait
free-flying
population
greylag
geese
(
Communications Biology,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
8(1)
Опубликована: Фев. 13, 2025
Abstract
Consistent
differences
in
intrinsic
state,
amplified
through
state-dependent
behaviour,
could
explain
the
ubiquity
of
animal
personality
variation.
Boldness
is
often
positively
associated
with
a
high
metabolism
and
food
intake.
Even
though
consumption
known
to
compromise
oxygen-demanding
activities,
influence
intake
on
anti-predator
escape
responses
has
rarely
been
considered.
By
conducting
experiments
three-spined
sticklebacks
(
Gasterosteus
aculeatus
)
setup
real-time
tracking
decoy
heron
predator,
we
show
that
bolder
fish
benefited
from
higher
than
shy
fish,
reacted
faster
predator
attack
when
was
same
before
being
attacked.
However,
slowed
down
responses.
These
results
shine
light
how
fitness
bold
tactics
be
balanced
wild:
reaction
impaired
by
their
consumption.
bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory),
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Март 11, 2025
Abstract
Trade-offs—negative
associations
among
life
history
traits—are
fundamental
to
understanding
evolution.
While
traditional
studies
have
focused
mainly
on
pairwise
trait
relationships,
organisms
allocate
finite
energy
across
multiple
processes
simultaneously,
necessitating
a
multivariate
perspective.
Here,
by
integrating
both
bivariate
and
phylogenetic
frameworks,
we
investigated
the
complex
relationships
six
key
traits
(adult
body
size,
offspring
development
time,
adult
lifespan,
clutch
frequency)
species
of
mammals,
birds,
reptiles,
insects.
We
demonstrated
that
frameworks
significantly
alter
inferred
species.
For
instance,
direct
relationship
between
size
lifespan
becomes
indirect
when
additional
are
considered.
Moreover,
while
some
patterns
consistent
taxa,
others
taxon-specific.
Our
findings
suggest
variations
emerge
from
interplay
traits,
emphasizing
need
view
evolution
through
lens
interconnected
ecological
evolutionary
processes.
Royal Society Open Science,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
12(4)
Опубликована: Апрель 1, 2025
Environmental
drivers
of
within-population
reproductive
patterns
are
often
hypothesized
to
lead
strategies
tuned
local
conditions.
Organisms
adjust
energy
allocation
between
survival
and
reproduction
based
on
experience,
age,
lifespan
resource
availability.
Variation
in
these
energetic
investments
can
be
described
as
different
demographic
tactics
which
expected
optimize
the
fitness
populations.
These
ideas
largely
supported
by
both
empirical
model-based
studies
but
research
identifying
specific
their
corresponding
environmental
within
wild
populations
remains
rare.
Using
12
years
data,
we
investigated
investment
a
relatively
short-lived
resident
songbird,
mountain
chickadee
(
Poecile
gambeli
),
at
two
elevations
that
differ
harshness
North
American
Sierra
Nevada
mountains.
Challenging
winter
environments
high
impose
strong
selection
pressure
survival-related
traits
(e.g.
specialized
spatial
cognition
associated
with
food
caching)
significantly
shorten
length
window.
Here,
show
chickadees
higher
elevation
lay
smaller
clutches
ca
0.41
fewer
eggs)
produce
0.25
nestlings)
larger
offspring
0.4
g
heavier)
compared
lower
residents.
Due
harsher
less
predictable
conditions
elevations,
this
strategy
species
likely
leads
production
greater
chances
survival.
Overall,
our
results
within-species
differences
life
history
may
evolve
over
small
scale
along
gradients.
Functional Ecology,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Апрель 18, 2025
Abstract
Individual
variation
in
development
can
strongly
impact
population
density
via
its
on
demography.
When
this
is
caused
by
developmental
plasticity,
the
resulting
effects
are
characterised
as
‘eco‐phenotypic
dynamics’
If
plasticity
turn
sensitive
to
density,
feedbacks’
arise.
individual
density‐dependent
due
resource
limitation,
we
expect
eco‐phenotypic
feedbacks
between
rate
and
be
widespread.
Yet,
exactly
how
rates,
termed
‘heterokairy’
interacts
with
influence
dynamics
unclear.
Here,
provide
conceptual
empirical
starting
points
assess
role
of
heterokairy
dynamics.
We
present
a
framework
identify
impacts,
impacted
by,
density.
This
validated
using
existing
evidence,
focusing
polyphenisms
that
comprise
alternate
phenotypes
differ
rate:
‘heterokairic
polyphenisms’.
find
heterokairic
typically
fast
developing
(‘minor’)
slow
(‘major’)
prevalent
among
ectotherms.
How
shapes
depends
whether
minors
(or
majors)
mostly
expressed
at
low
high)
or
vice
versa.
Minor‐at‐low‐density
systems,
such
those
found
salamanders,
aphids
nematodes,
reflect
classic
life
history
predictions
growing,
populations
favour
short
times,
whilst
high‐density
slower
development.
Alternatively,
minor‐at‐high‐density
systems
allow
resource‐stressed
juveniles,
most
common
high‐densities,
still
mature
but
reducing
metabolic
costs.
propose
opposing
responses
prompt
different
feedbacks.
Our
work
highlights
crucial
plays
phenotype
construction,
consequences
it
have
for
(meta)population
evolution.
call
shift
away
from
focus
outcomes
adulthood
processes
construct
phenotypes.
Ultimately,
lead
more
mechanistic,
thus
predictive,
approach
understanding
adaptive
alternative
paces
within
ecological
evolutionary
contexts.
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