Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Comprehensive Review of Pathophysiology, Comorbidities, and Emerging Therapies
Comprehensive physiology,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
15(1)
Опубликована: Фев. 1, 2025
ABSTRACT
Humans
are
perhaps
evolutionarily
engineered
to
get
deeply
addicted
sugar,
as
it
not
only
provides
energy
but
also
helps
in
storing
fats,
which
survival
during
starvation.
Additionally,
sugars
(glucose
and
fructose)
stimulate
the
feel‐good
factor,
they
trigger
secretion
of
serotonin
dopamine
brain,
associated
with
reward
sensation,
uplifting
mood
general.
However,
when
consumed
excess,
contributes
imbalance,
weight
gain,
obesity,
leading
onset
a
complex
metabolic
disorder,
generally
referred
diabetes.
Type
2
diabetes
mellitus
(T2DM)
is
one
most
prevalent
forms
diabetes,
nearly
affecting
all
age
groups.
T2DM
clinically
diagnosed
cardinal
sign
chronic
hyperglycemia
(excessive
sugar
blood).
Chronic
hyperglycemia,
coupled
dysfunctions
pancreatic
β‐cells,
insulin
resistance,
immune
inflammation,
further
exacerbate
pathology
T2DM.
Uncontrolled
T2DM,
major
public
health
concern,
significantly
toward
progression
several
micro‐
macrovascular
diseases,
such
diabetic
retinopathy,
nephropathy,
neuropathy,
atherosclerosis,
cardiovascular
including
cancer.
The
current
review
discusses
epidemiology,
causative
factors,
pathophysiology,
comorbidities,
existing
emerging
therapies
related
It
future
roadmap
for
alternative
drug
discovery
management
Язык: Английский
Opportunities for Therapeutic Modulation of O-GlcNAc
Chemical Reviews,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
124(22), С. 12918 - 13019
Опубликована: Ноя. 7, 2024
O-Linked
β-N-acetylglucosamine
(O-GlcNAc)
is
an
essential,
dynamic
monosaccharide
post-translational
modification
(PTM)
found
on
serine
and
threonine
residues
of
thousands
nucleocytoplasmic
proteins.
The
installation
removal
O-GlcNAc
controlled
by
a
single
pair
enzymes,
transferase
(OGT)
O-GlcNAcase
(OGA),
respectively.
Since
its
discovery
four
decades
ago,
has
been
diverse
classes
proteins,
playing
important
functional
roles
in
many
cellular
processes.
Dysregulation
homeostasis
implicated
the
pathogenesis
disease,
including
neurodegeneration,
X-linked
intellectual
disability
(XLID),
cancer,
diabetes,
immunological
disorders.
These
foundational
studies
disease
biology
have
motivated
efforts
to
target
therapeutically,
with
multiple
clinical
candidates
under
evaluation.
In
this
review,
we
describe
characterization
biochemistry
OGT
OGA,
regulation,
development
OGA
inhibitors,
pathophysiology,
progress
modulators,
emerging
opportunities
for
targeting
O-GlcNAc.
This
comprehensive
resource
should
motivate
further
study
into
function
inspire
strategies
therapeutic
modulation
Язык: Английский