Forest biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and the provision of ecosystem services

Biodiversity and Conservation, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 26(13), С. 3005 - 3035

Опубликована: Ноя. 4, 2017

Язык: Английский

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Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in naturally assembled communities

Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 94(4), С. 1220 - 1245

Опубликована: Фев. 6, 2019

ABSTRACT Approximately 25 years ago, ecologists became increasingly interested in the question of whether ongoing biodiversity loss matters for functioning ecosystems. As such, a new ecological subfield on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning (BEF) was born. This initially dominated by theoretical studies experiments which manipulated, responses ecosystem functions such as biomass production, decomposition rates, carbon sequestration, trophic interactions pollination were assessed. More recently, an increasing number have investigated BEF relationships non‐manipulated ecosystems, but reviews synthesizing our knowledge importance real‐world are still largely missing. I performed systematic review order to assess how drives both terrestrial aquatic, naturally assembled communities, important is compared other factors, including aspects community composition abiotic conditions. The outcomes 258 published studies, reported 726 relationships, revealed that many cases, promotes average production its temporal stability, success. For rates multifunctionality, positive effects outnumbered negative effects, neutral even more common. Similarly, prey pathogen herbivore damage less common than relationships. Finally, there no evidence related soil storage. Most focused taxonomic diversity, however, metrics functional diversity generally stronger predictors functioning. Furthermore, most factors (e.g. presence certain group) drivers per se . While suggest become at larger spatial scales, communities this idea too poorly studied draw general conclusions. In summary, high positively various functions. At same time, strength direction these vary highly among can be driving Thus, promote those underpin human well‐being, conservation should not only , also conditions favouring species with suitable trait combinations.

Язык: Английский

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Tamm Review: Influence of forest management activities on soil organic carbon stocks: A knowledge synthesis

Forest Ecology and Management, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 466, С. 118127 - 118127

Опубликована: Апрель 8, 2020

Almost half of the total organic carbon (C) in terrestrial ecosystems is stored forest soils. By altering rates input or release C from soils, management activities can influence soil stocks forests. In this review, we synthesize current evidence regarding influences 13 common practices on stocks. Afforestation former croplands generally increases stocks, whereas grasslands and peatlands, are unchanged even reduced following afforestation. The conversion primary forests to secondary reduces particularly if land converted an agricultural land-use prior reforestation. Harvesting, clear-cut harvesting, results a reduction floor upper mineral soil. Removal residues by harvesting whole-trees stumps negatively affects Soil disturbance site preparation decreases top soil, however improved growth tree seedlings may outweigh losses over rotation. Nitrogen (N) addition has overall positive effect across wide range ecosystems. Likewise, higher faster accumulation occur under species with N-fixing associates. Stocks also differ different species, coniferous accumulating more broadleaved tending store There some that increased diversity could positively affect temperate subtropical forests, but identity, seems have stronger impact than diversity. Management stand density thinning small effects high populations ungulate herbivores, herbivory levels increase plant biomass for fodder fuel related Fire such as prescribed burning reduce less so wildfires which intense. For each practice, identify existing gaps knowledge suggest research address gaps.

Язык: Английский

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The Future of Complementarity: Disentangling Causes from Consequences

Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 34(2), С. 167 - 180

Опубликована: Дек. 4, 2018

Язык: Английский

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Scaling‐up biodiversity‐ecosystem functioning research

Ecology Letters, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 23(4), С. 757 - 776

Опубликована: Янв. 29, 2020

Abstract A rich body of knowledge links biodiversity to ecosystem functioning (BEF), but it is primarily focused on small scales. We review the current theory and identify six expectations for scale dependence in BEF relationship: (1) a nonlinear change slope relationship with spatial scale; (2) scale‐dependent between stability extent; (3) coexistence within among sites will result positive at larger scales; (4) temporal autocorrelation environmental variability affects species turnover thus (5) connectivity metacommunities generates relationships by affecting population synchrony local regional (6) scaling food web structure diversity generate functioning. suggest directions synthesis that combine approaches metaecosystem metacommunity ecology integrate cross‐scale feedbacks. Tests this may remote sensing generation networked experiments assess effects multiple also show how anthropogenic land cover alter relationship. New research role guide policy linking goals managing ecosystems.

Язык: Английский

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Having the right neighbors: how tree species diversity modulates drought impacts on forests

New Phytologist, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 228(1), С. 42 - 49

Опубликована: Дек. 26, 2018

Droughts are a rising concern for terrestrial ecosystems, particularly forests where drought-induced reductions in tree growth and survival reported. Biodiversity has long been acknowledged as an important component modulating ecosystem functions, including mitigating their vulnerability to climate-related stresses. Yet the impact of diversity on forest drought is unclear. In this review, consistent mechanisms identified by which could reduce emerging evidence revealed that not systematically positively related resistance forests. A path suggested further increase our knowledge subject face climate change, proposing standardization methods quantitatively establish impacts

Язык: Английский

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Biodiversity across trophic levels drives multifunctionality in highly diverse forests

Nature Communications, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 9(1)

Опубликована: Июль 25, 2018

Human-induced biodiversity change impairs ecosystem functions crucial to human well-being. However, the consequences of this for multifunctionality are poorly understood beyond effects plant species loss, particularly in regions with high across trophic levels. Here we adopt a multitrophic perspective analyze how affects biodiverse subtropical forests. We consider 22 independent measurements nine central energy and nutrient flow find that individual more strongly affected by diversity heterotrophs promoting decomposition cycling, functional-trait composition, than tree richness. Moreover, cascading higher trophic-level on originating from lower processes highlight is key understanding drivers multifunctionality. A broader biodiversity-multifunctionality relationships sustainable management light non-random loss intensified biotic disturbances under future environmental change.

Язык: Английский

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Multiple forest attributes underpin the supply of multiple ecosystem services

Nature Communications, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 9(1)

Опубликована: Ноя. 12, 2018

Trade-offs and synergies in the supply of forest ecosystem services are common but drivers these relationships poorly understood. To guide management that seeks to promote multiple services, we investigated between 12 stand-level attributes, including structure, composition, heterogeneity plant diversity, plus 4 environmental factors, proxies for 14 150 temperate plots. Our results show attributes best predictors most also good several trade-offs services. Environmental factors play an important role, mostly combination with attributes. study suggests managing forests increase structural heterogeneity, maintain large trees, canopy gaps would These highlight potential encourage multifunctional suggest a coordinated landscape-scale strategy could help mitigate human-dominated landscapes.

Язык: Английский

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The functional complex network approach to foster forest resilience to global changes

Forest Ecosystems, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 6(1)

Опубликована: Апрель 9, 2019

Human impacts on Earth's ecosystems have greatly intensified in the last decades. This is reflected unexpected disturbance events, as well new and increasing socio-economic demands, all of which are affecting resilience forest worldwide provision important ecosystem services. Anthropocene era forcing us to reconsider past current management silvicultural practices, search for ones that more flexible better at dealing with uncertainty brought about by these accelerating cumulative global changes. Here, we briefly review focus limitations practices mainly developed Europe North America. We then discuss some recent promising concepts, such managing forests complex adaptive systems, approaches based resilience, functional diversity, assisted migration multi-species plantations, propose a novel approach integrate functionality species-traits into network multi-scale way manage Anthropocene. takes consideration high level associated future environmental societal It relies quantification dynamic monitoring diversity indices network. Using this approach, most efficient can be determined, where, what scale, intensity landscape-scale resistance, capacity changes improved.

Язык: Английский

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Direct and indirect effects of invasive species: Biodiversity loss is a major mechanism by which an invasive tree affects ecosystem functioning

Journal of Ecology, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 107(6), С. 2660 - 2672

Опубликована: Авг. 13, 2019

Abstract Global change, such as exotic invasions, dramatically affects ecosystem functioning. However, the mechanisms behind impacts are often unclear and despite extensive experimental work, we know little about importance of biodiversity loss a component global change effects in real‐world ecosystems. We disentangled several by which an invader affected functioning East African drylands Kenya Ethiopia. used structural equation modelling to separate direct woody Prosopis juliflora on range functions from indirect mediated through changes (plant species richness) (herbaceous biomass). analysed linked soil biogeochemical cycling transfer energy between trophic levels. found that mean size individual herbaceous biomass was twice large functions, showing important invader’s overall environmental impacts. Changes both were approximately equally drivers effects, indicating need expand our view consider wider mechanisms. Simple univariate models failed capture some because positive stability predatory invertebrates counteracted negative or loss. The majority similar study systems. Suggestions invaders able increase certain may therefore have arisen these not considered. Synthesis . Our indicates successful management invasions is likely require only control but also restoration diverse productive communities they for many functions. This highlights driver

Язык: Английский

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