Forest microclimates and climate change: Importance, drivers and future research agenda

Global Change Biology, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 27(11), С. 2279 - 2297

Опубликована: Март 16, 2021

Abstract Forest microclimates contrast strongly with the climate outside forests. To fully understand and better predict how forests' biodiversity functions relate to change, need be integrated into ecological research. Despite potentially broad impact of on response forest ecosystems global our understanding within below tree canopies modulate biotic responses change at species, community ecosystem level is still limited. Here, we review spatial temporal variation in result from an interplay features, local water balance, topography landscape composition. We first stress exemplify importance considering across landscapes. Next, explain macroclimate warming (of free atmosphere) can affect microclimates, vice versa, via interactions land‐use changes different biomes. Finally, perform a priority ranking future research avenues interface microclimate ecology biology, specific focus three key themes: (1) disentangling abiotic drivers feedbacks microclimates; (2) regional mapping predictions (3) impacts functioning face change. The availability microclimatic data will significantly increase coming decades, characterizing variability unprecedented scales relevant biological processes This revolutionize dynamics, implications functions, changes. In order support sustainable use forests secure their services for generations, cannot ignored.

Язык: Английский

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Global maps of soil temperature

Global Change Biology, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 28(9), С. 3110 - 3144

Опубликована: Дек. 30, 2021

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide maps soil bioclimatic variables a 1-km2 resolution for 0-5 5-15 cm depth. were created by calculating difference (i.e. offset) between situ measurements, based time series over 1200 pixels (summarized 8519 unique sensors) across all world's major biomes, coarse-grained ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis European Centre Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual differs markedly corresponding gridded temperature, up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation biomes seasons. Over year, soils cold and/or dry are substantially warmer (+3.6 2.3°C) than whereas warm humid environments average slightly cooler (-0.7 2.3°C). The observed biome-specific offsets emphasize projected impacts climate near-surface biodiversity functioning inaccurately assessed when rather is used, especially environments. soil-related provided here an important step forward any application related disciplines. Nevertheless, highlight need fill remaining geographic gaps collecting more measurements microclimate further enhance spatiotemporal products ecological applications.

Язык: Английский

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Vulnerability of global biodiversity hotspots to climate change

Global Ecology and Biogeography, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 30(4), С. 768 - 783

Опубликована: Фев. 15, 2021

Abstract Motivation More than half of Earth's species are contained in a mere 1.4% its land area, but the climates many these biodiversity hotspots projected to disappear as consequence anthropogenic climate change. There is growing recognition that spatio‐temporal patterns have shaped biological diversity over variety historical time‐scales, yet rarely taken into account assessments vulnerability future In our review, we synthesize climatic processes led diversification and interpret what this means context We demonstrate importance mesoclimatic fine‐scale topographical heterogeneity, combination with variability, driving speciation maintaining high levels diversity. outline why features crucial understanding impacts change discuss how recent advances predictive modelling enable be understood better. Location Global. Main conclusions contend many, although not all, landscape characteristics create spatial variability climate, which potentially buffers them from changes. Temporally, also experienced stable through evolutionary time, making particularly vulnerable Others more variable climates, likely provide resilience Thus, order identify risk for global biodiversity, need consider carefully influence climate. However, most still reliant on data coarse temporal resolution. Higher‐resolution forecasts better physiological responses organisms much needed inform conservation strategies.

Язык: Английский

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ForestTemp – Sub‐canopy microclimate temperatures of European forests

Global Change Biology, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 27(23), С. 6307 - 6319

Опубликована: Окт. 3, 2021

Ecological research heavily relies on coarse-gridded climate data based standardized temperature measurements recorded at 2 m height in open landscapes. However, many organisms experience environmental conditions that differ substantially from those captured by these macroclimatic (i.e. free air) grids. In forests, the tree canopy functions as a thermal insulator and buffers sub-canopy microclimatic conditions, thereby affecting biological ecological processes. To improve assessment of climatic climate-change-related impacts forest-floor biodiversity functioning, high-resolution grids reflecting forest microclimates are thus urgently needed. Combining more than 1200 time series situ near-surface with topographical, variables machine learning model, we predicted mean monthly offset between 15 cm above surface free-air over period 2000-2020 spatial resolution 25 across Europe. This was used to evaluate difference microclimate macroclimate space seasons finally enabled us calculate annual temperatures for European understories. We found air temperatures, being average 2.1°C (standard deviation ± 1.6°C) lower summer 2.0°C higher (±0.7°C) winter Additionally, our maps expose considerable variation within landscapes, not gridded products. The provided will enable future model below-canopy processes patterns, well species distributions accurately.

Язык: Английский

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Mechanistic forecasts of species responses to climate change: The promise of biophysical ecology

Global Change Biology, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 29(6), С. 1451 - 1470

Опубликована: Дек. 14, 2022

A core challenge in global change biology is to predict how species will respond future environmental and manage these responses. To make such predictions management actions robust novel futures, we need accurately characterize organisms experience their environments the biological mechanisms by which they respond. All are thermodynamically connected through exchange of heat water at fine spatial temporal scales this can be captured with biophysical models. Although mechanistic models based on ecology have a long history development application, use remains limited despite enormous promise increasingly accessible software. We contend that greater understanding training theory methods vital expand application. Our review shows implemented understand climate impacts species' behavior, phenology, survival, distribution, abundance. It also illustrates types outputs generated, data inputs required for different implementations. Examples range from simple calculations body temperature particular site time, more complex analyses distribution limits projected energy balances, accounting behavior phenology. outline challenges currently limit widespread application relating availability, training, lack common software ecosystems. discuss progress developments could allow applied many across large extents timeframes. Finally, highlight uniquely suited solve problems involve predicting interpreting responses variability extremes, multiple or shifting constraints, abiotic biotic environments.

Язык: Английский

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Microclimate, an important part of ecology and biogeography

Global Ecology and Biogeography, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 33(6)

Опубликована: Апрель 8, 2024

Abstract Brief introduction: What are microclimates and why they important? Microclimate science has developed into a global discipline. is increasingly used to understand mitigate climate biodiversity shifts. Here, we provide an overview of the current status microclimate ecology biogeography in terrestrial ecosystems, where this field heading next. investigations We highlight latest research on interactions between organisms, including how influence individuals, through them populations, communities entire ecosystems their processes. also briefly discuss recent organisms shape from tropics poles. applications ecosystem management Microclimates important under change. showcase new with examples conservation, forestry urban ecology. importance microrefugia conservation promote heterogeneity. Methods for advances data acquisition, such as novel sensors remote sensing methods. modelling, mapping processing, accessibility modelling tools, advantages mechanistic statistical solutions computational challenges that have pushed state‐of‐the‐art field. What's next? identify major knowledge gaps need be filled further advancing investigations, These include spatiotemporal scaling data, mismatches macroclimate predicting responses change, more evidence outcomes management.

Язык: Английский

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There is plenty of room at the bottom: microclimates drive insect vulnerability to climate change

Current Opinion in Insect Science, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 41, С. 63 - 70

Опубликована: Июль 16, 2020

Язык: Английский

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Maintaining forest cover to enhance temperature buffering under future climate change

The Science of The Total Environment, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 810, С. 151338 - 151338

Опубликована: Ноя. 5, 2021

Язык: Английский

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Room for improvement: A review and evaluation of 24 soil thermal conductivity parameterization schemes commonly used in land-surface, hydrological, and soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer models

Earth-Science Reviews, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 211, С. 103419 - 103419

Опубликована: Окт. 29, 2020

Effective thermal conductivity of soils (λeff) is a critical parameter for agriculture, environment science, and engineering. Functions to estimate λeff from readily available soil properties, known as (STC) schemes, are needed by land-surface models (LSMs), hydrological models, soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer (SVAT) study the land surface energy balance, heat flux, regime under various climates geographic regions. The selection STC scheme can result in large differences temperature estimates LSMs, sometimes masking effects climate change. Therefore, accurate critically important LSM estimates. Although number schemes have been incorporated no has systematically evaluated their performance. objectives this were review evaluate employed LSMs comparing (1) predicted measured STCs (2) modelled (LST) using Community Land Model at three selected sites corresponding LST data moderate resolution imaging spectrometer (MODIS). In total, 24 collated 38 mainstream SVAT, models. They divided into categories based on model types: one physically-based scheme, eight linear/non-linear regression 13 normalized schemes. We also include two that express function matric potential (ψ, hereafter referred (ψ) schemes). first types with compiled dataset consisting 439 unfrozen frozen measurements 16 soils. simultaneously separate or independent studies. Results showed none could be used accurately predict all types. performance largely depended size (number samples) characteristics (e.g., types) comparison. Some work well certain soils, but care should taken larger scale applications. simulated varied when compared MODIS LST. general, performed better medium- coarse-textured than fine-textured However, discrepancies observed estimated different medium recommend modelers mindful inherent bias hence overall predictions. Orchestrated efforts urgently part hydrology, climatology communities develop more extensive systematic database development evaluation improved wider

Язык: Английский

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Understanding climate change impacts on biome and plant distributions in the Andes: Challenges and opportunities

Journal of Biogeography, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 49(8), С. 1420 - 1442

Опубликована: Июнь 3, 2022

Climate change is expected to impact mountain biodiversity by shifting species ranges and the biomes they shape. The extent regional variation in these impacts are still poorly understood, particularly highly biodiverse Andes. Regional syntheses of climate on vegetation pivotal identify guide research priorities. Here we review current data, knowledge uncertainties past, present future

Язык: Английский

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